August 2001 Newsletter
Phil Konstantin
Hi,
This newsletter will look different from previous newsletters. The
company I had been using to send the newsletters has eliminated its free
service. So, this will have a different appearance. There might also be
some banner ads in the newsletter. That is part of the new company's
requirements. Considering it is free, I don't think it will be too
obtrusive.
I have divided this newsletter into a couple of different sections:
General Comments
Special Offers
Link of the Month
Interesting Websites
Jokes
Treaty of the Month
Daily History
Each of the main sections is divided by two long dotted lines.
Each entry within a section is divided by a short dotted line.
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Genral Comments:
Last month I mentioned that I was trying to decide what I wanted to do
with my vacation. I was trying to decide if I should go to the annual
Cherokee festival in Oklahoma (I've never been), or to go to Mexico and
visit some of the ruins I did not get to see last year, or both. Thanks
to finding some very good airfares (see the link furhter below), I will
be able to do both. This will be my first trip to the Cherokee Tribal
headquarters in Oklahoma. So, if you are going to the Cherokee festival
over the Labor Day holiday, you might see me. I'll be the chubby guy
smiling from ear to ear.
------
Vonda McIntyre is an e-mail friend of mine. Vonda is an award winning
Science Fiction writer (If you thought American Indians debate what we
should be called as a group, you should see some of the debates on the
proper term for science fiction). She has posed an interesting question,
perhaps some of you might have an answer. She does realize there were
alcoholic beverages. Her main question is about storable, yeast-based
foods. Here is a copy of the question she sent me:
"Say, I wonder if you have an opinion on a question I keep
asking people (historians, anthropologists, cooks...), but
nobody knows the answer:
In the eastern hemisphere, many of the food staples
(especially ones you can store for a while) are based on
microbial action: bread, cheese, beer, wine, yogurt,
sauerkraut, tofu. In the western hemisphere (pre-Columbian),
this is not true.
Why?
I don't mean this question to be, "why wasn't there any
alcohol?"*
It's something that's puzzled me, and I'm hoping to find a
grand unified field theory type answer, but there may not be
one. It may be piecemeal (for example that none of the
available native grains in the western hemisphere contained
any gluten, which makes it hard to make yeast bread out of
them, and that it's hard to get enough milk to make cheese
out of, from a guinea pig -- but what about llamas?).
Anyway, lots of folks have said, "Interesting question," but
I haven't found any wide-ranging answers to it. Would be
interested in your opinion."
------
Here is part of an e-mail sent to EPA employees. It comes from an
unnamed EPA employee:
MEMORANDUM July 11, 2001
SUBJECT: EPA Indian Policy
TO: All EPA Employees
In 1984, EPA became the first Federal agency to adopt a formal
IndianPolicy, when William D. Ruckelshaus pledged that the Agency
would support the primary role of Tribal governments in matters
affecting American Indian country.
The United States has a unique legal relationship with Tribal
Governments based on the Constitution, treaties, statues, Executive
Orders, and court decisions. This relationship includes a
recognition of the right of tribes as sovereign governments to self-
determination, and an acknowledgment of the Federal government's
trust responsibility to the Tribes.
I hereby reaffirm the Agency=s commitment to this long-
established policy and the principles therein that guide the Agency
in building a stronger partnership with Tribal Governments to
protect the human health and environment of Indian communities.
Christine Todd Whitman
Attachment
EPA Policy for the Administration of Environmental
Programs on Indian Reservations
November 8, 1984
Introduction :
The President published a Federal Indian Policy on January 24,
1983, supporting the primary role of Tribal Governments in
matters affecting American Indian reservations. That policy
stressed two related themes: (l) that the Federal Government will
pursue the principle of Indian"self-government" and (2) that it
will work directly with Tribal Governments on a
"government-to-government" basis.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has previously issued
general statements of policy which recognize the importance of
Tribal Governments in regulatory activities that impact
reservation environments. It is the purpose of this statement to
consolidate and expand on existing EPA Indian Policy statements
in a manner consistent with the overall Federal position in
support of Tribal "self-government" and
"government-to-governments" relations between federal and Tribal
Governments. This statement sets forth the principles that will
guide the Agency in dealing with Tribal Governments and in
responding to the problems of environmental management on
American Indian reservations in order to protect human health and
the environment. The Policy is intended to provide guidance for
EPA program managers in the conduct of the Agency's
congressionally mandated responsibilities. As such, it applies to
EPA only and does not articulate policy for other Agencies in the
conduct of their respective responsibilities.
It is important to emphasize that the implementation of
regulatory programs which will realize these principles on Indian
Reservations cannot be accomplished immediately. Effective
implementation will take careful and conscientious work by EPA,
the Tribes and many others. In many cases, it will require
changes in applicable statutory authorities and regulations. It
will be necessary to proceed in a carefully phased way, to learn
from successes and failures, and to gain experience. Nonetheless,
by beginning work on the priority problems that exist now and
continuing in the direction established under these principles,
over time we can significantly enhance environmental quality on
reservation lands.
Policy:
In carrying out our responsibilities on Indian reservations, the
fundamental objective of the Environmental Protection Agency is
to protect human health and the environment. The keynote of this
effort will be to give special consideration to Tribal interests
in making Agency policy, and to insure the close involvement of
Tribal Governments in making decisions and managing environmental
programs affecting reservation lands. To meet this objective, the
Agency will pursue the following principles:
1.THE AGENCY STANDS READY TO WORK DIRECTLY WITH INDIAN TRIBAL
GOVERNMENTS ON A ONE-TOONE BASIS (THE "GOVERNMENT - TO -
GOVERNMENT" RELATIONSHIP), RATHER THAN AS SUBDIVISIONS OF OTHER
GOVERNMENTS.
EPA recognizes Tribal Governments as sovereign entities with
primary authority and responsibility for the reservation
populace. Accordingly, EPA will work directly with Tribal
Governments as the independent authority for reservation affairs,
and not as political subdivisions of States or other governmental
units.
2.THE AGENCY WILL RECOGNIZE TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS AS THE PRIMARY
PARTIES FOR SETTING STANDARDS, MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
DECISIONS AND MANAGING PROGRAMS FOR RESERVATIONS, CONSISTENT WITH
AGENCY STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS.
In keeping with the principle of Indian self-government, the
Agency will view Tribal Governments as the appropriate
non-federal parties for making decisions and carrying out program
responsibilities affecting Indian reservations, their
environments, and the health and welfare of the reservation
populace. Just as EPA's deliberations and activities have
traditionally involved the interests and/or participation of
State Governments, EPA will look directly to Tribal Governments
to play this lead role for matters affecting reservation
environments .
3.THE AGENCY WILL TAKE AFFIRMATIVE STEPS TO ENCOURAGE AND ASSIST
TRIBES IN ASSUMING REGULATORY AND PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESERVATION LANDS.
The Agency will assist interested Tribal Governments in
developing programs and in preparing to assume regulatory and
program management responsibilities for reservation lands. Within
the constraints of EPA's authority and resources, this aid will
include providing grants and other assistance to Tribes, similar
to what we provide State Governments. The Agency will encourage
Tribes to assume delegable responsibilities, (i.e.
responsibilities which the Agency has traditionally delegated to
State Governments for non-reservation lands) under terms similar
to those governing delegations to States.
Until Tribal Governments are willing and able to assume full
responsibility for delegable programs, the Agency will retain
responsibility for managing programs for reservations (unless the
State has an expressed grant of jurisdiction from Congress
sufficient to support delegation to the State Government). Where
EPA retains such responsibility, the Agency will encourage the
Tribe to participate in policy-making and to assume appropriate
lesser or partial roles in the management of reservation
programs.
4.THE AGENCY WILL TAKE APPROPRIATE STEPS TO REMOVE EXISTING LEGAL
AND PROCEDURAL IMPEDIMENTS TO WORKING DIRECTLY AND EFFECTIVELY
WITH TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS ON RESERVATION PROGRAMS.
A number of serious constraints and uncertainties in the language
of our statutes and regulations have limited our ability to work
directly and effectively with Tribal Governments on reservation
problems. As impediments in our procedures, regulations or
statutes are identified which limit our ability to work e
effectively with Tribes consistent with this Policy, we will seek
to remove those impediments.
5.THE AGENCY, IN KEEPING WITH THE FEDERAL TRUST RESPONSIBILITY,
WILL ASSURE THAT TRIBAL CONCERNS AND INTERESTS ARE CONSIDERED
WHENEVER EPA'S ACTIONS AND/OR DECISIONS MAY AFFECT RESERVATION
ENVIRONMENTS.
EPA recognizes that a trust responsibility derives from the
historical relationship between the Federal Government and Indian
Tribes as expressed in certain treaties and Federal Indian Law.
In keeping with that trust responsibility, the Agency will
endeavor to protect the environmental interests of Indian Tribes
when carrying out its responsibilities that may affect the
reservations.
6.THE AGENCY WILL ENCOURAGE COOPERATION BETWEEN TRIBAL, STATE AND
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS TO RESOLVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF MUTUAL
CONCERN.
Sound environmental planning and management require the
cooperation and mutual consideration of neighboring governments,
whether those governments be neighboring States, Tribes, or local
units of government. Accordingly, EPA will encourage early
communication and cooperation among Tribes, States and local
Governments. This is not intended to lend Federal support to any
one party to the jeopardy of the interests of the other. Rather,
it recognizes that in the field of environmental regulation,
problems are often shared and the principle of comity between
equals and neighbors often serves the best interests of both.
7.THE AGENCY WILL WORK WITH OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES WHICH HAVE
RELATED RESPONSIBILITIES ON INDIAN RESERVATION TO ENLIST THEIR
INTEREST AND SUPPORT IN COOPERATIVE EFFORTS TO HELP TRIBES ASSUME
ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES FOR RESERVATIONS.
EPA will seek and promote cooperation between Federal agencies to
protect human health and the environment on reservations. We will
work with other agencies to clearly identify and delineate the
roles, responsibilities and relationships of our respective
organizations and to assist Tribes in developing and managing
environmental programs for reservation lands.
8.THE AGENCY WILL STRIVE TO ASSURE COMPLIANCE WITH ENVIRONMENTAL
STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS.
In those cases where facilities owned or managed by Tribal
Governments are not in compliance with federal environmental
statutes, EPA will work cooperatively with Tribal leadership to
develop means to achieve compliance, providing technical support
and consultation as necessary to enable Tribal facilities to
comply. Because of the distinct status of Indian Tribes and the
complex legal issues involved, direct EPA action through the
judicial or administrative process will be considered where the
Agency determines, in its judgment, that: (l) a significant
threat to human health or the environment exists, (2) such action
would reasonably be expected to achieve effective results in a
timely manner, and (3) the Federal Government cannot utilize
other alternatives to correct the problem in a timely fashion.
In those cases where reservation facilities are clearly owned or
managed by private parties and there is no substantial Tribal
interest or control involved, the Agency will endeavor to act in
cooperation with the affected Tribal Government, but will
otherwise respond to noncompliance by private parties on Indian
reservations as the Agency would to noncompliance by the private
sector elsewhere in the country. When the Tribe has a substantial
proprietary interest in, or control over, the privately owned or
managed facility, EPA will respond as described in the first
paragraph above.
9.THE AGENCY WILL INCORPORATE THESE INDIAN POLICY GOALS INTO ITS
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES, INCLUDING ITS BUDGET,
OPERATING GUIDANCE, LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES, MANAGEMENT
ACCOUNTABILITY SYSTEM AND ONGOING POLICY AND REGULATION
DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES.
It is a central purpose of this effort to ensure that the
principles of this Policy are effectively institutionalized by
incorporating them into the Agency's ongoing and long-term
planning and management processes. Agency managers will include
specific programmatic actions designed to resolve problems on
Indian reservations in the Agency's existing fiscal year and
long-term planning and management processes.
William D. Ruckelshaus
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Special offers:
I have tried to stay away from making too many "special offers" to the
readers of this newsletter. Granted, I have posted a few of the links
you will find on my site for good web-based items. For example, I have
found a very good website where you can get some very cheap airfares
(believe me, I look around a lot before I take a trip, being the
worldclass travel cheapskate that I am). I think I get a couple of
dollars if you but a ticket through them. I know they charge the same
whether you use this link, or go directly to their site. Here is the
link to that site:
http://partner.onetravel.com/go/go.cfm?GoID=17157
-----
Along those lines, I have decided to pass along offers I have had from
subscibers to this list. I don't make any claims, or offer any
recommendations for any of these products. You will have to decide if
you think they are worthy of your hard-earned money. However, the people
listed here are offering a discount to subscribers of this newsletter.
If you decide to try some of these services, mention the discount listed
here. The discount will not be posted on their website. Any of you
subscribes who offer a product or service which you are willing to
discount for members of this newsletter, I will be happy to list it
here.
-----
Michelle operates the "Ojibwa Tea of Life" company. If you mention this
newsletter, she will give you a 15% discount. You can find the website
at:
http://www.ojibwatea.com/
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Link of the Month:
The Link of the Month for August 2001 is the "Making of America"
website. It is a large collection of books, maps, and a wide variety of
other things. If you go to the search section and type in "Indian," it
will show you a large selection of digital photocopies of old books. I
have used some of the data here to help compile the material for the
"Dates" section of my website (and the History section below). I have
found it very interesting (depressing, enlightening, etc.) to read the
actual words of people involved in making the history of the United
States. For example, there are several reprints of works written by
George Custer, just to name one. You will also find this website covers
many subjects other than on American Indians.
http://moa.umdl.umich.edu//index.html
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Interesting Websites
Here are a couple of interesting websites I have either come across or
were suggested by other receipients of the newsletter.
This website discusses what "we" should be called as a group:
"What do you want to be called?"
http://indiancountry.com/articles/perspective-2001-07-25-02.shtml
----
Here is a website, with tongue firmly in cheek, suggesting a totally
politically-correct name for "us."
"Modern Descendents Of Pre-Columbian Inhabitants Of The Post-Pangean
Continent Between Northern Atlantic And Pacific Oceans"
http://polisat.com/twat.htm#NomenEvol
----
Not Indian related, but a great picture:
Night from space:
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights_dmsp_big.jpg
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Jokes, etc., sent in from subscribers:
A joke from Ruth:
One day the Dine chairman comes out to the Schaghticoke reservation.
The Dine reservation is the largest in the country while the Connecticut
reservations are known as being some of the smallest.
A Schaghticoke member gives the Dine chairman a tour of the reservation
in her car. In about two minutes the tour is over and they arrive back
at the tribal pavilion. The Dine chairman says, "Is that all?"
Puzzled the Schaghticoke lady says, "What do you mean?"
"Why," says the Dine Chairman. "I could get in my car all day and
never leave my reservation."
The Schaghticoke's face lights up in understanding and says "Yeah, I
know what you mean. I had a car just like that."
---------
Definitions from Kangi (reservation humor, mostly)
Commodify (kah MOD if eye) - uncanny ability of Indian women to convert
the ingredients of any standard cookbook recipe to commodity
ingredients such as powdered milk, powdered eggs and canned meat.
Pow-wow-vow (pow wow vow) - the standard pledge of the pow-wow Romeo:
"Sure, baby, I'll meet you at the next pow-wow. You're the only
jingle-dress dancer for me. Really! Look at this face. Would I lie?"
Moccashoe (Mock ah shoe) - contemporary dance footwear designed by
beading the top of tennis shoes or aquasocks instead of making moccasins
the old-fashioned way.
Skinship (SKIN-ship) - the eventual relative connection that all Indian
people discover within ten minutes of meeting each other.
Vis-a-cheese (VEES ah cheez) - mode of exchange in which a block of
commodity cheese can purchase other goods or services.
Indinferior (IN din FEER ee your) - a manifestation of self-oppression;
the practice of Indians who look down on other Indians either for not
speaking the language or not being fullblood or not participating in
ceremonies or not living on the rez or not wearing braids or not dancing
in pow-wows or not having -- etc., etc., blah-blah.
BI-ailment (BEE EYE ALE ment) - an affliction within the Bureau of
Indian Affairs, characterized by the inability to keep track of millions
of dollars.
Triballistic (tribal ISS tik) - to become irrational and incoherent upon
hearing the latest self-serving, short-sighted and illogical decision
made by the local tribal council.
Rezercize (REZ er size) - the involuntary health regime of walking
everywhere on the rez since your ndn car broke down for good.
Fordrum (FORD drum) - the instrument used for singing purposes when a
regular drum is not available; usually the dented hood of a one-eyed
Ford.
Frybreadth (FRY bredth) - a unit of measurement based on the standard
size of a piece of auntie's frybread.
Alter-native (alter NAY TIV) - an individual who was born and raised in
the non-Indian culture but recently "discovered" a "hidden" Indian
ancestor so now assumes a name such as Laughing Rainbow, White Wolf or
Dreams of Eagles, calls all Indian people Brother and Sister and wears
genuine Hong Kong beadwork; usually found in the East and West coast
region but with documented sighting in other regions as well.
Councilmenopause (cown sil MEN oh paws) - a disorder characterized by
hot flashes, profuse sweating impairment of speech and loss of memory;
normally occurs only to tribal councilmen when cornered by a
constituent.
Disinderstanding (DISS inder stand ing) - when non-Indians think that
they understand why tribes and individual Indians are the way they are,
but attribute any and all behavior to the overall culture or the
race.
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Treaty of the Month:
This month's treaty is between the United States and the Creek Nation.
It also involves the Seminoles. I picked it because it was signed during
August. You can find the treaty at the following link:
http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cre0756.htm
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Random historical events for August
August 1: 1813: Today, Fort Stephenson, at modern Fremont, Ohio, will be
attacked by British Major Henry A.Proctor, and 1200 British and Indians.
The fort is defended by Major George Croghan, and 120 men. The Americans
will fire only when the British and Indians are at close range. During
the two day battle, the Americans will have only one man killed. The
British and Indians will sustain more than 1200 casualties.
August 2: 1792: MOHEGAN Samson Occom dies today in New Stockbridge, New
York. A protege of Rev.Eleazar Wheelock, Occom will learn numerous
foreign languages, become an ordained minister, be the first Indian to
preach in England, minister to many Indian tribes, and be instrumental
in the establishment of Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
August 3: 1889: General Crook, and the other treaty commissioners, were
having no luck in convincing the large groups of SIOUX and the Standing
Rock Agency to agree to move to smaller reservations, and to sell their
"excess" lands for $1.50 an acre. Sitting Bull continued to "disrupt"
the meetings with his angry denunciation of any attempts to sell Indian
lands. Crook decided he would make more progress by talking to the
tribal leaders individually. On this date, without informing Sitting
Bull, Crook held a final meeting. Local agent James McLaughlin had his
tribal police surround the meeting site to prevent any of the
rabble-rousers from attending. Eventually, Sitting Bull worked his way
past the police, and addressed the meeting. Sitting Bull was incensed
because he had not been informed of the meeting. McLaughlin told the
meeting that everyone knew of the meeting. At that time, Chief John
Grass, and many of the other Chiefs came forward to sign the treaty, and
to break up the large reservation. Sitting Bull vented his frustration
at the other Chiefs, but he was out voted.
August 4: 1862: In July, the money promised to the SANTEE SIOUX in
Minnesota was scheduled to arrive. When Little Crow, and the other
SIOUX, reported to their reservation's upper agency on the Yellow
Medicine River, they were told the money had not arrived. The winter had
been bad, and the summer crops were poor. Little Crow asked Agent Thomas
Galbraith to open up the local warehouse, which was full of food.
Galbraith said there would be no food if there was no money. On this
date, Little crow, and 500 SIOUX warriors surround the badly outnumber
soldiers guarding the warehouse. The SANTEE break in and start unloading
supplies. The commanding officer of the garrison, Timothy Sheehan,
understands the frustration of the hungry Indians, and he convinces
Galbraith to officially issue the food to the SANTEE. Little Crow also
gets a promise that the lower agency will also issue supplies. The
SANTEE then leave peacefully.
August 5: 1881: The Crow Dog murder case goes to the Supreme Court.
August 6: 1846: The old settlers and the new emigrants factions of the
CHEROKEE have been arguing over who has legal control of the CHEROKEE
Nation since the late 1830s. It has even been proposed that the nation
split into two tribes. Today, the different sides will sign a treaty in
Washington,D.C. The treaty will confirm that there will only be one
CHEROKEE Nation.
August 7: 1869: A solar eclipse is draw on Lone Dog's chronicle of the
years.
August 8: 1699: The TOHOME Indians live along the gulf coast in Alabama
and Mississippi. Tiday, in Biloxi, they will formally establish peaceful
relations with the French.
August 9: 1911: Ishi ("the last of his tribe") comes into Oroville,
California.
August 10: 1815: The half brother of Cornplanter, Skaniadariio (Handsome
Lake) was born near Ganawagus, New York sometime around 1735. He fought
in many battles during the French and Indian Wars, and during the
American Revolution. Later he would battle alcoholism. One day a vision
led him to give up drinking and to promote traditional Indian ways among
his people. He became a Chief among the SENECA based on his wise
council. He once spoke before President Jefferson on behalf of his
people. His teachings have been handed down among the IROQUOIS. He died
today in Onondaga.
August 11: 1988: The ALEUT receive restitution for loses in WWII today.
August 12: 1878: The PAIUTE Chief Oytes, and his followers, will
surrender today. This will effectively end the PAIUTEs' participation in
the BANNOCK war.
August 13: 1587: Manteo, a CROTAN Indian has converted to the Church of
England. Today, he is baptized by Sir Walter Raleigh. In respect for his
help with Raleigh's colonists, Raleigh gives him the title of "Lord of
Roanoke and of Dasamonquepeuk."
August 14: 1559: Tristan de Luna y Arellano has been appointed to
establish Spanish settlements on Pensacola Bay by the Spanish Viceroy in
Mexico. Today, his expedition of 13 ships, several priests, 500
soldiers, and 1000 settlers will arrive in Pensacola Bay, in Florida.
Much of the expedition will be killed or starve because of a hurricane
which struck the area a few days later.
August 15: 1642: In instructions to the Pennsylvania Governor John
Printz, of New Sweden, the Queen of Sweden wished for "the wild nations"
to be treated kindly, and in a humane manner. She also stated that the
Indians were the "rightful lords" of this land, and must be treated
accordingly.
August 16: 1812: SHAWNEE Chief Tecumseh has been commissioned as a
Brigadier General by the British. With his Indians forces, he will be
instrumental in the surrender of American force at Fort Detroit, today.
August 17: 1876: President Grant, by Executive Order today, corrects a
survey mistake, and returns Uncompahgre Park, and some prime farm land,
to the UTE Reservation.
August 18: 1863: As a part of the Canyon de Chelly Campaign, Kit Carson,
and General James Charlatan, were trying to starve the NAVAJOs into
submission. Today, General Charlatan will put a bounty on NAVAJO
livestock. Every good horse or mule would bring twenty dollars, quite a
sum for those days. Each sheep would earn one dollar.
August 19: 1854: a MINICONJOU SIOUX, named High Forehead, kills a sickly
cow near Fort Laramie, in southeastern Wyoming. The cow's owner
complains to the fort's commander. A brash Brevet Second Lieutenant John
L.Grattan, and 30 volunteers leave the fort today to find the SIOUX
involved. Grattan goes to Conquering Bear's BRULE SIOUX camp near Ash
Hollow, and demands the Indian who shot the cow. Grattan makes numerous
threats at the SIOUX, but they won't hand over High Forehead. During the
parlay, a shot rings out, and Grattan's artillery gunners open fire on
the camp. Conquering Bear tries to get both sides to stop shooting, but
he is hit by an artillery round. Eventually, all but one of Grattan's
men will be killed in the fighting.
August 20: 1851: One in a series of treaties with California Indians is
signed today at Lipayuma. This treaty says it will set aside lands for
the Indians and protect them from Americans.
August 21: 1871: Treaty Number Two (Manitoba Post Treaty), is concluded
between the Canadian Government, and the CHIPPEWA. They sell 35,700
square miles of land, in exchange for certain reservation lands, an
annuity, schools and other items.
August 22: 1862: Today, 800 SANTEE SIOUX will attack Fort Ridgely, in
south-central Minnesota. The fort is defended by approximately 150
soldiers, and two dozen volunteers. The SIOUX will sneak up to the fort,
and try to set fire to it. When the SIOUX attacked, the Army responded
with an artillery barrage. Little Crow will be wounded in the fighting,
and Mankato will take over. The artillery will make the difference in
the fighting, and the SIOUX will retreat.
August 23: 1724: British forces under Capt. Moulton stage a supprise
attack on an ABENAKI village at Norridgewock. 27 people, including a
resident French priest Father Rasles, would be scalped by the English.
The village would be burned. This would be a big blow to the spirit of
the local Indians.
August 24: 1869: For his actions on July 8, 1869, Mad Bear will receive
the Congressional Medal of Honor today.
August 25: 1737: A agreement will be signed today by Thomas Penn and
MUNSEE Chiefs Manawkyhickon and Nutimus. The agreement will call for
Indian lands to be sold along the Delaware river for the distance that a
man could walk in a day and a half. This would be called the "Walking
Purchase" and would be performed on September 19, 1737.
August 26: 1858: In what would be called "The Battle of Four Lakes,"
force under Colonel George Wright fight for about three hours with COEUR
d'ALENE, COLUMBIA RIVER, COLVILLE, KALISPEL, and SPOKANE Indians. The
Army will defeat the Indians.
August 27: 1832: Black Hawk surrenders.
August 28: 1676: The last Indian surrenders in the King Philip's War.
August 29: 1758: The First State Indian reservation, in New Jersey, is
established today.
August 30: 1690: A combined force of British, YAMASSEE and YUCHI Indians
attack the Spanish mission of San Juan de Guacara in northern Florida,
today. Many TIMUCUA indians in the area have been converted to
Christianity or are loyal to the Franciscan monks. All of the TIMUCUA
Indians at the mission will be killed in the fighting.
August 31: 1905: Today, Ely Samuel Parker (Donehogawa) dies in New York
City. During his lifetime he will be a SENECA Chief, an engineer, a
lawyer, the New York City Building Superintendent, a Brigadier General
in the Civil War where he will write the surrender papers signed at
Appomattox, and the first Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Born in
1828, he will be buried in Buffalo, New York.
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That's it for this newsletter.
Have a great month,
Phil
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Movie & Book Reviews |
KUSI TV, my other job |
Mesa Verde and Utah in 2006 |
My Mortgage Loan Company |
2006 SDSU Powwow |