California
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
The territory of the present State of California was discovered
in 1542 by a Portuguese navigator in the Spanish service, J. R.
Cabrillo. In 1578 Sir Francis Drake landed at Drake's Bay, opened
communication with the natives, and took possession of the
country in the name of England, calling it New Albion. It was
explored by the Spaniard S. Viscayno in 1602, but no attempt was
made at colonization until the Franciscan Fathers established a
mission at San Diego in 1769. Within the next 50 years they
founded 21 missions and gathered 20,000 Indians about them, but
the number of neophytes continually fell off and the power of the
missions declined with them, especially after Mexican government
had succeeded to Spanish. Transfer of the country to the United
States and the rush of immigrants following upon the discovery of
gold in 1848 was still more disastrous to the Indians and this
disaster extended to parts of the State which the Spaniards had
not reached. From this time on the history of the Indians of this
area is one long story of debauchery and extermination.
Reservations were set aside for most of the tribes, but the
greater part of the survivors live scattered through the country
as squatters or on land purchased by themselves.
In dealing with the tribes of California, I have adopted the
names given by Dr. Kroeber in his Handbook of the Indians of
California (1925). An inspection of these shows us at once,
however, that the tribal concept in most parts of the State is
one imposed upon the Indians as a result of ethnological
investigation rather than something recognized by themselves. It
has a dialectic rather than a governmental or ceremonial base,
but it is the best that can be done unless we adopt the
impracticable alternative of treating each village group as a
tribe. It is to be understood that, from the ordinary point of
view as to what constitutes a tribe, this expedient is largely
artificial. Under these circumstances it has seemed best not to
follow a strictly alphabetic system throughout, or rather, to
enter those tribes defined by their names as parts of larger
groups under the more common group names, the qualifying word
following, as: Paiute, Northern, and Yuki, Coast, instead of
Northern Paiute and Coast Yuki.
Connections in which they have become noted.- That few names of
California tribes have found permanent lodgment in the geography
of the region is not surprising when we consider the small number
of names of this kind at all prominent. This is in keeping with
the fact that tribal organizations as they were known in eastern
North America were wanting over much of the State, and that where
they existed they were generally small and insignificant. It also
happens that a few real tribal names, or names that have been
used to cover tribal groups, include peoples which extended into
neighboring States and have been treated elsewhere. Under this
hend come the names of Modoc County, Klamath River, Mohave River,
Mono County and Lake, and Piute Peak. Still other names are
derived from villages and small tribes, mere subdivisions of the
main bodies. Among these may be mentioned Tuolumne County,
Mokelumne Peak and River, Cosumnes River, Kaweah River. While the
designation of the Shasta is a conspicuous one it is rather the
mountain which has given name to the tribe than the tribe to the
mountain, though in fact both are derived from a chief of the
Shasta people. Following from the use of the term for Mount
Shasta we have Shasta River, Shasta, Shasta Retreat, Shasta
Springs. The history of the name Hupa has been somewhat similar.
It has remained attached to the valley to which it was originally
applied and to the tribe secondarily. Nevertheless, the valley
name now serves to preserve in memory that of the people who
occupied it.
Achomawi. From adzuma or achoma, "river."
Ko'm-maidum, Maidu name, meaning "snow people."
Shawsash, Yuki name for the Achomawi taken to Round Valley
Reservation.
Connections.- The Achomawi were originally classed with the
Atsugewi as one stock under the name Palaihnihan, the Achomawan
stock of Merriam (1926), and this in turn constitutes the eastern
branch of the Shastan stock, which in turn 18 now placed under
the widely spread Hokan family.
Location.- In the drainage area of Pit River from near Montgomery
Creek in Shasta County to Goose Lake on the Oregon line, with the
exception of the territory watered by Burney, Hat, and Horse or
Dixie Valley Creeks.
Subdivisions
Kroeber (1925) gives the following:
Achomawi, on Fall River.
Astaklwi, in upper Hot Springs Valley.
Atuami, in Big Valley.
Hamnawi, on the South Fork of Pit River.
Hantiwi, in lower Hot Springs Valley.
Ilmawi, on the south slide of Pit River opposite Fort Crook.
Madehsi, the lowest on Pit River along the big bend.
C. H. Merriam (1926) says that Achomawi is the Madehsi name for
the Astnkiwi which occupied all of Hot Springs Valley, and he
adds the names of two other tribes between the last mentioned and
Goose Lake, the Ko-se-al-lak'-te, and, higher up, at the lower
end of the lake, the Ha'-we-si'-doc.
Population.- Together with the Atsugewi, the Achomawi are
estimated by Kroeber (1925) to have numbered 3,000 in 1770; in
1910 there were 985. According to the census of 1930, the entire
Shastan stock numbered 844, and in 1937, 418 "Pit River" Indians
were enumerated, only a portion of the stock apparently.
Alliklik. Designation bestowed by the Ventureno Chumash; meaning
unknown.
Connections.- The Alliklik belonged to the Californian group of
the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock,
their closest relatives probably being the Serrano.
Location.- On the upper Santa Clara River.
Villages
Akavavi Kashtu, Etseng, Huyang, Kuvung, and Pi'idhuku (on Piru
Creek, the last mentioned at Piru); Kamulus (on Castac Creek);
Kashtuk Tsawayung (on a branch of Castac Creek).
Population.- The Alliklik together with the Serrano, Vanyume, and
Kitanemuk, numbered 3,500 in 1770 and 150 in 1910. The census of
1930 returned 361 southern California Shoshoneans.
Atsugewi. Their own name or that which the Achomnwi applied to
them; significance unknown.
Adwanuqdji, Ilmawi name.
Hat Creek Indians, popular English name.
Tcunolyana, Yana nsme.
Connections.- With the Achomawi, the Atsugewi constituted the
Palaihnihan or eastern group of the Shastan stock, more recently
placed by Dixon and Kroeber (1919) in the Hokan family.
Location.- On Burney, Hat, and Dixie Valley or Horse Creeks.
Subdivisions
Kroeber (1925) gives: Apwarukei (Dixie Valley people), Hat Creek
people (native name unknown), and Wamari" (Burney Valley people).
C. G. Merrism (1926) calls the Hat Creek people collectively
At-soo-ka'-e (Atsugewi) and treats most of the Burney Valley
Indians as part of the Atsugewi proper.
Population.- Kroeber estimates that in 1770 there were 3,000 of
the Atsugewi and the Achomawi together. The Shastan Indians
numbered 844 in 1930.
Bear River Indians. A body of Indians living along Bear River in
the present Humboldt County for whom no suitable native name has
been preserved. Also called:
Ni'ekeni', name they applied to themselves and to the
Mattole.
Connections.- The Bear River Indians belonged to the Athapascan
linguistic family, and were most, closely connected with the
Mattole, Sinkyone, and Nongatl tribes to the south and east.
Location.- As given above. (See North Carolina for a tribe
similarly named.)
Villages
From the mouth of Bear River inland as given by Nomland (1938):
Tcalko', at the mouth of Bear River.
Chilsheck, on the site of the present Capetown.
Chilenche, near the present Morrison Ranch.
Selsche'ech, on a site marked by a large red rock 3-4 miles above
the last.
Tlanko, above the preceding.
Estakana, at Gear's place, on the largest flat in the upper
valley above Tlanko.
Sehtla, about 7 miles above Capetown.
Me'sseah, name for a natural amphitheater, the training place for
shamans, about which lived a few families.
Population.- Included with the Nongatl (q. v.). 1,129 were
returned in the census of 1930. The United States Office of
Indian Affairs reported 23 "Bear River" Indians in 1937.
Cahuilla. A name perhaps of Spanish origin, but its significance
is unknown. Also spelled Kawia.
Connections.- The Cahuilla belonged to the southern California
group of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan stock.
Location.- Mainly in the inland basin between the San Bernardino
Range and the range extending southward from Mount San Jacinto.
Subdivisions
Desert Cahuilla, at northern end of the Colorado Desert.
Mountain Cahuilla, in the mountains south of San Jacinto Peak.
Western or Pass Cahuilla, centering in Palms Springs Canyon.
Villages
Duasno, on or near the Cahuilla Reservation.
Juan Bautista, in San Bernardino County.
Ekuawinet, at La Mesa, 2 miles south of Coachella.
Kavinish, at Indian Wells.
Cahuilla, on the Cahuilla Reservation.
Kwaleki, in the San Jacinto Mountai
Lawilvan or Sivel, at Alamo.
Malki, on the Potrero Reservation in Cahnilla Valley east of
Banning.
Pachawal, at San Ygnacio.
Palseta, at Cabezon.
Paltewat, at Indio in Cahuilla Valley.
Panachsa, in the San Jacinto Mountains.
Sechi, in Cahuilla Valley.
Sokut Henyil, at Martinez.
Sapela, at San Ygnaeio.
Temalwahish, at La Mesa.
Torres, on Torres Reservation.
Tova, at Agua Dulce.
Wewutnowhu, at Santa Rosa.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 2,500 Cahuilla in 1770; in
1910 there were about 800. (See Alliklik.)
Connection in which their name has become noted.- The name
Cahuilla is preserved in that of a village called Kaweah in
Tulare County.
Chemehuen. The Yuman name for this tribe and for the Paiute;
significance unknown. Also called:
Ah'alakat, Pima narne, meaning "small bows."
Mat-hat-e-vatch, Yuma name, meaning "northerners."
Ta'n-ta'wats, own name, meaning "southern men."
Connections.- The Chemehuevi were a part of the true Paiute and
were associated with them and the Ute in one linguistic
subdivision of the Shoshonean division of the Uto-Aztecan
linguistic stock.
Location.- Anciently in the eastern half of the Mohave Desert. At
a later date the Chemehuevi settled on Cottonwood Island, in
Chemehuevi Valley, and at other points on Colorado River.
Subdivisions
(So far as known)
Hokwaits, in Ivanpah Valley.
Kauyaichits, location unknown.
Mokwats, at the Kingston Mountains.
Moviats, on Cottonwood Island.
Shivawach or Shivawats, in the Chemehuevi Valley, perhaps only
the name of a locality.
Tumpisagavatsits or Timpashauwagotsits, in the Providence
Mountains.
Yagats, at Amargosa.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates between 500 and 800
Chemehuevi in ancient times. In 1910, 355 were returned of whom
260 were in California.
Chetco. The Chetco extended slightly across into northern
California from its home in Oregon (q. v.).
Chilula. An American rendering of Yurok Tsulu-la, "people of
Tsulu," the Bald Hills.
Connections.- With the Hupa and Whilkut, the Chilula formed one
group of the Athapascan linguistic stock.
Location.- On or near lower Redwood Creek from near the inland
edge of the heavy redwood belt to a few miles above Minor Creek.
Villages
The following are known and are given in order beginning with the
one farthest down Redwood Creek: Howunakut, Noleding, Tlochime,
Kingkyolai, Kingyukyomunga, Yisining'aikut, Tsinsilading,
Tondinunding, Yinukanomitseding, Hontetlme, Tlocheke,
Hlichuhwinauhwding, Kailuhwtahding, Kailuhwchengetlding,
Sikingchwungmitahding, Kinahontahding, Misme, Kahustnhding.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 500 to 600 Chilula before
White contact. Now reduced to two or three families and a few
persons incorporated with the Hupa. (See Bear River Indians.)
Chimariko. From the native word chimar, "person." Also called:
Kwoshonipu, name probably given them by the Shasta of Salmon
River.
Meyemma, given by Gihhs (1853).
Connections.- Originally considered a distinct stock, the
Chimariko are now classed in the Hokan linguistic family.
Location.- On the canyon of Trinity River from about the mouth of
New River to Canyon Creek.
Villages
Chalitasum, at the junction of New and Trinity Rivers.
Chichanma, at Taylor Flat.
Himeakudji, at Big Creek.
Hodinakchohoda, at Cedar Flat.
Maidjasore, at Thomas.
Paktunadji, at Patterson.
Tsudamdadji, at Burnt Ranch.
Population.- The Chimariko were estimated by Kroeber (1925) at
250 in 1849; only a few mixed-bloods are now living.
Chumash. A term originally applied to the Santa Rosa islanders.
Also called:
Santa Barbara Indians, a popular name.
Connections.- At first considered a distinct linguistic stock,
the Chumash are now included in the larger Hokan family.
Location.- The Chumash occupied the three northern islands of the
Santa Barbara group, the coast from Malibu Canyon to Estero Bay,
and extended inland to the range that divides the drainage of the
great valley from the coast, except on the west where their
frontier was the watershed between the Salinas and the Santa
Maria and short coast streams, and on the east where some small
fragments had spilled over into part of the most southerly
drainage of the San Joaquin-Kern system.
Subdivisions
Barbareno Chumash, on the coast from Point Conception nearly to
Ventura River.
Cuyama Chumash, in the valley of Cuyama River and the upper
valley of the Santa Maria River.
Emigdiano Chumash, beyond the coast range in the southernmost
extremity of the great valley of California.
Island Chumash, on San Miguel, Santa Rosa, and Santa Cruz Is-
lands.
Obispeho Chumash, on the coast from a point a little north of
Santa Maria River to Salinan territory.
Purisimeno Chumash, on the coast between the lands of the
Obispeno and Barbareno divisions.
Santa Ynez Chumash, inland along Santa Ynez River between the
Barbareno and Cuyama divisions.
Ventureno, on the coast from the Ventura River to the end of
Chumash territory on the southeast and the drainage areas of
Ventura River, Calleguas Creek, and most of that of Santa Clara
River inland.
Villages
A'hwai (at Ojai).
Ala-hulapun, at Santa Ynez Mission.
Alka'ash, on the coast west of Santa Barbara.
Alpincha, at Santa Barbara.
Alwatalam, in the Goleta marsh.
Amolomol, on the coast close to Santa Barbara.
Amuwu, at Mission Purisima near Santa Ynez River.
Anawupu, on a small stream emptying into the Pacific at Gaviota.
Antap, near Ventura.
Awawilashmu, near the Canada del Refugio.
Chikachkach, at the mouth of Ventura River.
Ch'oloshush, at the west end of Santa Cruz Island.
Ch'ushu, on the north shore of Santa Cruz Island.
Chwayuk, on the coast west of Ventura River.
Elhelel, on the coast east of Santa Barbara.
Elhiman, in the Goleta marsh.
Hahas, on the north shore of Santa Cruz Island toward the east
end.
Hanawani, on the south shore of Santa Cruz Island.
Halam, on Jalama Creek near the coast.
Hanaya, northeast of Santa Barbara Mission.
Heliok, on the coast southwest of Goleta.
Helo, on the coast south of Goleta.
Hipuk, inland on Maliba Creek.
Honmoyanshu, near Ventura.
Ho'ya or Huya, said to have been the name of a village on Santa
Cruz Island.
Humkaka, at Point Conception.
Ishwa, at the mouth of Santa Clara River.
Kachyoyukuch, near Ventura.
K'ahu, on the coast between Cafiada del Refugio and Dos Pueblos
Canyon.
Kamupau, inland on San Emigdio Creek.
Kashiwe, inland northeast of Santa Susana.
Kashwa, northeast of Santa Barbara Mission
Kasil, at the mouth of Canada del Refugio.
Katstayut, on the coast west of Gaviota.
Kayewush, inland on Calleguas Creek.
Kichuwun, on the northeast coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Kinapuich', near Ventura.
Kohso, a short distance inland from the mouth of Ventura River.
Kolok, at Carpinteria.
K'shiuk'shiu, on the northeast coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Kulalama, near Santa Barbara Mission.
Kuyamu, near the mouth of Dos Pueblos Canyon.
L'aka'amu, on the north coast of Santa Cruz Island near its west
end.
L'alalu, on the north coast of Santa Cruz Island.
Lapau, on the Canada de los Uvas north of Old Fort Tejon.
Liyam, on the south shore of Santa Cruz Island.
Lu'upsh, near the east end of Santa Cruz Island.
Mahalal, at San Cayetano.
Mah'auh, inland near the middle course of Calleguas Creek.
Maliwu, at the mouth of Maliba Creek.
Mashch'al, on the east coast of Santa Cruz Island.
Masuwuk, near Los Alamos.
Ma'tilha, inland on Matilija Creek.
Mich'iyu, on the coast east of Gaviota.
Mikiw, at the mouth of Dos Pueblos Canyon.
Mishopshno (near Carpinteria), near Santa Ynez River above
Cachuma Creek.
Mishtapalwa, near Ventura.
Mismatuk, in Arroyo Burro near Santa Barbara Mission.
Mispu, on the coast southwest of Santa Barbara.
Mitskanakan, at Ventura Mission.
Nupu, at Santa Paula.
Nushum, on the coast between Ventura Mission and Carpinteria.
Muwu, on the coast near the mouth of Calleguas Creek.
Nahayalewa, on the headwaters of Santa Ynez River northwest of
Chismahoo Mountain.
Nawani, on the west coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Niakla, on the north coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Nila'lhuyu, on the south coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Nimalala, on the north coast of Santa Cruz Island.
Numkulkul, on the north coast and near the west end of Santa Rosa
Island.
Onohwi, on Nojoqui Creek, a branch of Santa Ynez River.
Onomyo, at Gaviota.
Sahpilil, on the coast southwest of Goleta.
Salnobalkaisikw, a short distance west of Ojai.
Sati'k'oi, at Saticoy on Santa Ciara River.
Sek'spe, at Sespe.
Shalawa, on the coast north of Santa Barbara.
Shawa, on the west coast of Santa Cruz Island.
Shimiyi, at Simi on Calleguas Creek.
Shisholop, on the coast near Point Conception.
Shishoiop, a second town of the name at Ventura Mission.
Shishwashkui, on the coast south of Rincon Creek.
Shtekolo, at the Cienega near Santa Barbara Mission.
Shuku, at the mouth of Rincon Creek.
Shushuchi, on the coast west of the Canada del Refugio.
Shuwalashu, on the coast at the lower end of Sycamore Canyon.
Siliwihi, on the north coast of Santa Rosa Island.
Simo'mo, at the mouth of Calleguas Creek.
Sis'a, on Sisar Canyon northwest of Santa Paula.
Sitoptopo, inland northeast of Ojai.
Siuhtun, at Santa Barbara Mission.
Skonon, in Arroyo Burro near Santa Barbara Mission.
S'ohmus, inland on the middle course of Calleguas Creek.
Swahul, at the eastern point of Santa Cruz Island.
Swetete, on the coast east of Santa Barbara.
Ta'apu, inland north of Santa Susana.
Takuyo, inland on Tecuya Creek, northwest of old Fort Tejon.
Tashlipunau, inland on San Emigdio Creek north of San Emigdio
Mountains.
Teneknes, at Carpinteria.
Tenenam, near Santa Barbara Mission.
Tokin, near Santa Barbara Mission.
Tuhmu'l, on the coast east of Gaviota.
Upop, near Point Conception.
Ushtahash, inland northwest of Santa Barbara Mission.
Wene'me, at Hueneme.
Wichachet, on the coast east of the mouth of Calleguas Creek.
Cabrillo's sixteenth century relation gives the names of a number
of villages, part of which Kroeber (1925) has been able to identify,
at least with a fair degree of probability, while some are
evidently duplications. Eliminating the duplications, we have the
following additional village names:
Aguin. Naebuc (or Anacbuc).
Anacot. Nocos.
Asimu. Olesino.
Bis. Opia (or Opistopia).
Caacat (or Cancae), though Potoltuc (Paltate, Partocac, or
the last may be a synonym Paltocac).
for Ciucut (Siuhtun). Quiman.
Gua (or Quannegua). Sopono (Misesopono, or
Garomisopoa.)
Maquinanoa. Xotococ.
Misinagua. Yutum.
Population.- The number of Chumash has been estimated by Kroeber
(1925) at 10,000 in 1770; at the present time a mere remnant is
left, given as 38 in the census of 1910 and 14 in that of 1930.
Costanoan. From Spanish Costanos, "coast people." Also called:
Mutsun, Gatschet extended this term over these and other
peoples.
Connections.- The Costanoan formed one division of the Penutian
linguistic stock.
Location.- On the coast between San Francisco Bay and Point Sur,
and inland probably to the Mount Diablo Range.
Subdivisions
Monterey Costanoan, from Pnjaro River to Point Sur and the lower
courses of the latter stream and Salinas and Carmel Rivers.
Saclan Costanoan, between San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. San
Francisco Costanoan, between San Francisco Bay and the Pacific
Ocean. San Juan Bautists Costanoan, along San Benito River and
San Felipe Creek. Santa Clara Costanonn, on Coyote and Caiaveras
Creeks. Santa Cruz Costanoan, on the coast between Pescadero and
Pajaro River. Soledad Costanoan, on the middle course of Salinas
River.
Villages
As far as Kroeber has been able to locate them, they are as
follows:
Ahala-n, south of Martinez.
Altah-mo, on the west shore of San Francisco Bag.
Aulin-tak, on the coast close to Santa Cruz Mission.
Ausai-ma, on San Felipe Creek.
Awas-te, near San Francisco.
Chatu-mu, near Santa Cruz Mission.
Hotochtak, just nest of the preceding.
Huchiu-n, northeast of Oakland.
Huirne-n, near San Pablo.
Huris-tak, at the junction of San Felipe and San Benito Creeks.
Imuna-kan, northeast of Salinas.
Kakon-ta-ruk, near Point Sur.
Kalinta-ruk, at the mouth of Salinas River.
Kino-te, inland south of San Francisco Bay.
Matala-n, inland south of San Francisco Bay.
Mus-tuk, inland east of the mouth of Salinas River.
Mutsu-n, at San Juan Bautista Mission.
Olho-n, south of San Francisco.
Orbiso-n, at San Jose Mission.
Paisi-n, on San Benito River.
Posol-mi, near the south end of San Francisco Bay.
Romano-n, south of San Francisco.
Rumse-n, on Carmel River.
Saho-n, on Salinas River south of Salinas.
Sakla-n, south of Martinez.
Salso-n, at San Mateo.
Sirhin-ta-ruk, on the coast north of Point Sur.
Sokel, at Aptos, east of Santa Cruz.
Tamie-n, on Coyote River near Santa Clara Mission.
Tsmo-tk, near Monterey.
Tulo-mo, south of San Francisco.
Ulis-tak, on Coyote River north of Santa Clara Mission.
Urehure, near the west shore of San Francisco Bay.
Wscharo-n, near Soledad Mission on Salinas River.
Werwerse-n, inland east of San Jose.
Wolwo-n, inland northwest of Mt. Diablo.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that there were about 7,000
Costanoan in 1770. Today there are only a few mixed-blood descendants
remaining. The census of 1910 returned 10; that of 1930, none.
Cupeno. From Kupa, the name of one of their towns.
Connections.- The Cupeno spoke a dialect belonging to the
Luiseno-Cahuilla branch of the Shoshonean division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location.- A mountainous district on the headwaters of San Luis
Rey River, not over 10 by 5 miles in extent.
Villages
Kupa, near the famous hot springs of Warner's Ranch.
Wilakal, at San Ysidro.
Population Kroeber (1926) estimates not over 500 in 1770, and in
1910, 150. (See Alliklik.)
Dakubetede. An Athapascan tribe of Oregon which extended slightly
beyond the northern border of California. (See Oregon.)
Diegueno. Derived from the name of the Mission of San Diego.
Connections.- The Diegueno belonged to the Central division of
the Yuman linguistic groups being most closely connected with the
Kamia and Kiliwa, but that is reckoned a branch of the Hokan
stock.
Subdivisions
Northern Diegueho, in the eastern part of San Diego County and
extending an indefinite distance southward into the Mexican State
of Baja California. Southern Diegueno, in the modern districts of
Campo, La Posta, Manzanita, Guyspipe, and La Laguna, and some
territory in Baja California.
Villages
Aha-hakaik, at La Lasyuna.
Akmukatikatl, inland on the San Dieguito River.
Ahta ("cane") or Hapawu, at Carrizo.
Ahwat, in Baja California.
Amai'-tu, at La Posta.
Amat-kwa'-ahwat, on the stream above Campo.
Amotaretuwe, inland between San Diego and Sweetwater Rivers.
Anyaha, at the headwaters of San Diego River.
Atlkwanen, on the head of San Dieguito River.
Awaskal, location unknown.
Ekwiamak, on the head of Sweetwater River.
Emitl-kwatai, at Campo.
Ewiapaip, at Guyapipe.
Hakum in or near Jacumba Pass.
Hakutl, south of San Marcos Creek.
Hamacha, on the middle course of Sweetwater River.
Hamul, at the head of Otay River.
Hanwi, location uncertain.
Hapai, south of San Dieguito River.
Hasasei, location uncertain.
Hasumel, location uncertain.
Hata'am location uncertain.
Hawai, location uncertain.
Hawi, at Vallecitos.
Inomasi, location uncertain.
Inyahkai, at La Laguna.
Kamachal, location uncertain.
Kohwnt, location uncertain.
Kokwitl, location uncertain.
Kosmit, at the head of San Diego River.
Kosoi, at San Diego.
Kwalhwut, location uncertain
Kulaumai, on the coast near the mouth of San Dieguito River.
Kwatai, at the head of Cottonwood Creek.
Maktati, location uncertain.
Maramoido, location uncertain.
Mat-ahwat-is, location uncertain
Matamo, location uncertain.
Met-hwai, southwest of San Ysidro Mountain.
Meti, location uncertain.
Mitltekwanak, on San Felipe Creek and the head of San Dieguito
River.
Netlmol, location uncertain.
Nipawai, on lower San Diego River.
Otai, about Otai Mountain.
Pamo, between the heads of San Dieguito and San Diego Rivers.
Paulpa, at the north end of San Diego Bay.
Pauwai, inland between San Dieguito and San Diego Rivers.
Pokol, location uncertain.
Pu-shuyi, inland east of San Diego.
Sekwan, on the middle course of Sweetwater River.
Setmunumin, southeast of Mesa Grande.
Shana, location uncertain.
Sinyau-pichkara, on the middle course of San Dieguito River.
Sinyau-tehwir, at the head of San Diego River.
Sinyeweche, northeast of San Diego.
Suapa, location uncertain.
Tapanke, location uncertain.
Tawi, west of San Ysidro Mountain.
Tlokwih, near North Peak.
Totakamalam, at Point Loms.
Tukumak, at Mesa Crande.
Wernura, location uncertain.
Witlimak, on a head branch of San Diego River.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 3,000 Diegueno and Kamia
together in 1770; in 1925, between 700 and 800. The census of
1930 gave 322.
Esselen. Probably the name of a village; significance unknown.
Connections.- Originally given the status of a distinct stock,
the Esselen are now placed in the Hokan linguistic family, their
affinities being rather with the Yuman division, to the south,
and with the Pomo, Yana, and other groups to the north than with
their closer neighbors of this stock, the Salinan and Chumash
tribes.
Location.- On the upper course of Carmol River, Sur River, and
the coast from Point Lopez almost to Point Sur.
Villages
Echilat, 12 miles southeast of Mission Carmelo.
Ekheya, in the mountains.
Ensen, at Buena Esperanza.
Ichenta, at San Jose.
Pachhepes, near the next.
Xaseum, in the sierra.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 500 Esselen in 1770; they
are now extinct.
Fernandeno. So-called from San Fernando, the name of one of the
two Franciscan missions in Los Angeles County.
Connections.- The nearest relatives of the Fernandeno were the
Gabrielino and both belonged to the California section of the
Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location.- In that part of the valley of Los Angeles River above
Los Angeles.
Villages
Hahamo, north of Los Angeles.
Kawe, northwest of Los Angeles.
Mau, north of Los Angeles.
Pasek, at San Francisco Mission.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that, with the Gabrielino
and Nicolefio, the Fernandefio numbered 5,000 in 1770; they are
now practically extinct.
Gabrielino. Derived from San Gabriel, one of the two missions in
Los Angeles County. Also called:
Kizh, reported by Gatschct (1876); Hale (1846) has Kij.
Playsanos, a name which seems to be applied to the California
Shoshoneans living in the lowlands, especially near the coast in
the region of Los Angeles.
Tobikhars, said to mean "settlers," but probably from Tobohar,
the mythical first man.
Tumangamalum, Luiseno name.
Connections.- The nearest connections of the Gabrielino were the
Fernandeno; both belonged to the California branch of the
Shoshonean Division of the Uto-Aztecan stock.
Location.- In the drainage area of the San Gabriel River, the
territory about Los Angeles, and all the country southward to
include half of Orange County, also Santa Catalina Island and
probably San Clemente.
Villages
Ahau, near Los Angeles River north of Long Beach.
Akura, near San Gabriel Mission.
Akura-nga, at La Presa.
Aleupki-nga, at Saints Anita.
Apachia, just east of Los Angeles.
Asuksa, west of Azusa.
Awi, between Pomona and the San Gabriel River.
Chokish-nga, at Jaboncria.
Chowi, near San Pedro.
Engva, near Redondo.
Hout, south of San Gabriel Mission.
Hutuk, inland on Santa Ana River.
Isnntka-nga, at Mission Vieja.
Kinki or Kinkipar, on San Clemente Island.
Kukamo, southwest of Gucamonga Peak.
Lukup, near the mouth of Santa Ana River.
Masau, on the coast near San Pedro.
Moyo, on the coast south of the mouth of Santa Ana River.
Nakau-nga, at Carpenter's.
Pahav, southeast of Corona.
Pasino, southeast of Pomona.
Pimoka-nga, at Rancho de los Ybarras.
Pimu or Pipimar, on Santa Catalina Island.
Pubu, inland on San Gabriel River, east of Long Beach.
Saan, on the coast south of Santa Monica.
Sehat, inland near the middle course of San Gabriel River.
Shua, near Long Beach.
Siba, at San Gabriel Mission.
Sisitkan-nga, at Pear Orchard.
Sona-nga, at White's.
Sua-nga, near Long Beach.
Tibaha, north of Long Beach between Los Angeles and San Gabriel
Rivers.
Toibi, at Pomona.
Wenot, at Los Angeles.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 5,000 Gabrielino,
Fernandeno, and Nicoleno in 1770; they are now practically
extinct.
Halchidhoma. On the middle Colorado. (See Arizona.)
Huchnom. The name applied to this tribe by the Yuki and
apparently by themselves; said to signify "mountain people." Also
called:
Redwoods, a popular name.
Ta'-tu, by the Pomo of Potter Valley.
Connection.- The Huchnom belonged to the Yukian linguistic stock,
though resembling the Pomo somewhat more closely in culture.
Location.- In the valley of South Eel River from Hullville nearly
to its mouth, together with the valley of its affluent, Tomki
Creek, and the lower course of the stream known as Deep or
Outlet Creek.
Villages
Ba'awel, name in Pomo; on South Eel River a couple of miles from
Ukumna (q. v.).
Hatupoka, on Tomki Creek below the village of Pukemul.
Komohmemut-knyuk, on South Eel River between Lilko'ol and
Mumemel.
Lilko'ol, on South Eel River between Ba'awel and the preceding.
Mot, on South Eel River between Yek and Mupan.
Mot-kuyuk, on South Eel River at the mouth of Tomki Creek.
Mumemel, on South Eel River just below the forks at Hullville.
Mupan, on South Eel River between Mot and Mot-kuyuk.
Nonhohou, on South Eel River between Shipomul and Yek.
Pukemul, on Tomki Creek above the village of Hatupoka.
Shipomul, on South Eel River at the mouth of Outlet Creek.
Ukumna, near the head of the eastern source of Russian River.
Yek, on South Eel River between Nonhohou and Mot.
There is one village of uncertain name and possibly Yuki on the
headwaters of the South Fork of Eel River.
Population.- The Huchnom were estimated at 500 in 1770 by Kroeber
(1926); the census of 1910 returned 7 full-bloods and 8 half-
breeds. (See Yuki.)
Hupa. Derived from the Yurok name of the valley, Hupo. Also
called:
Cha'parahihu, Shasta name.
Hich'hu, Chimariko name.
Kishakevira, Karok name.
Nabiltse, given by Gibbs (1877) and translated "man."
Natinnoh-hoi, own name, after Natinnoh, "Trinity River."
Num-ee-muss, Yurok name.
Trinity Indians, translation of their own name.
Connections.- The Hupa belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock, forming one closely knit linguistic group with the Chilula
and Whilkut.
Location.- On the middle course of the Trinity River and its
branches, particularly a beautiful stretch of 8 miles known as
Hupa (or Hoopa) Valley, and on New River. C. H. Merriam (1926)
treats these latter as a distinct tribe of Shastan affinities,
but J. P. Harrington (personal information) states that they were
Hupa.
Villages
Aheltah, name perhaps Yurok; said to be in the upper part of Hupa
territory.
Cheindekotding, on the west bank of Trinity River between
Kinchuhwikut and Miskut.
Dakis-hankut, on the west bank of Trinity River between Honsading
and Kinchuhwikut.
Djishtangading, on the east bank of Trinity River between
Howunkut and Haslinding.
Haslinding, in the "Sugar Bowl" above Hupa Valley.
Honsading, the village farthest down Trinity River and on the
east bank.
Howunkut, on the west side of Trinity River between Medilding and
Djishtangading.
Kachwunding, on Trinity River near the mouth of Willow Creek.
'Kek-kah'-na-tung, at Martha Ziegler's place on the lower part of
New River.
Kinchuhwikut, on the east bank of Trinity River between
Dakishankut and Cheindekotding.
Ki-ooeh-wet-tung, at Sally Noble's place on New River, about a
quarter of a mile below the mouth of Panther Creek.
Klo-nes-tung, at the present site of Quinby on New River.
Medilding, on the east bank of Trinity River between Totltsnsding
and Howunkut.
Me-yemma, possibly belonging to this tribe, but more likely
Chimariko, on Trinity River just below the mouth of New River.
Mingkutme, on Trinity River near the mouth of Willow Creek.
Miskut, on the east bank of Trinity River between Cheindekotding
and Takimitlding.
Sehachpaya, the name perhaps Yurok; said to have been in the
upper part, of the Hupa territory.
Sokeakeit, ibid.
Takimitlding, on the east bank of Trinity River between Miskut
and Tsewenalding.
Tashuanta, the name perhaps Yurok; said to have been in the upper
part of the Hupa territory.
Tlelding, at the forks of the Trinity River.
Tl'okame, a subsidiary settlement of the preceding, 5 miles up
the South Fork of Trinity River.
Totltsasding, on the west bank of Trinity River between the
preceding and Medilding.
Tsa-nah'-ning-ah'-tung, on the bar or flat at New River Forks, at
the junction of East Fork with main New River.
Tsewenalding, on the east bank of Trinity River between
Takimitlding and Totltsasding.
Waugullewatl, the name perhaps Yurok; said to have been in the
upper part of the Hupa territory.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) places the number of Hupa at 1,000 in
1770; the census of 1910 returned 500. In 1937 the United States
Office of Indian Affairs returned 575. (See Bear River Indians.)
Connection in which they have become noted.- A village in
Humboldt County, preserves the name of the Hupa.
Juaneno. Derived from the mission of San Juan Capistrano. Also
called:
Gaitchim, given by Gatschet (1876).
Netela, given by Hale (1846), meaning "my language."
Connections.- The Juaneno belonged to the Shoshonean branch of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their speech being a variant of
Luiseno.
Location.- From the Pacific Ocean to the west of the southern
continuation of the Sierra Santa Ana. Southward, toward the
Luiseno, the boundary ran between the San Onofre and Las Pulgas;
on the north, toward the Gabrielino, it is said to have followed
Alisos Creek.
Villages
Ahachmai, on the lower course of San Juan Creek below the mission
of San Juan Capistrano.
Alona, north of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano.
Hechmai, near the coast south of Arroyo San Onofre.
Humair, on the middle course of San Juan Creek.
Palasakeuna, at the head of Arroyo San Mateo.
Panhe, near the mouth of Arroyo San Mateo.
Piniva, on San Juan Creek above San Juan Capistrano.
Pu-tuid-em, near the coast between San Juan and Aliso Creeks.
Population.- The Juaneho were estimated by Kroeber (1925) at
1,000 in 1770; the census of 1910 returned 16. (See Alliklik.)
Kamia. From their own term Kamiyai or Knmiyahi, which they
applied also to the Diegueho. Also called:
Comeya, common synonym used by Bartlett in 1854 and adopted
in Handbook of American Indians (Hodge, 1907, 1910).
I'-um O'-otam, Pima name for Kamia and Diegueho.
New River Indians, from their location.
Quemaya, so called by Garces in 1775-76.
Tipai, own name, also meaning "person."
Yum, same as I'-um.
Connections.- They belonged to the Yuman stock of Powell now
considered a subdivision of the Hokan family, their closest
affinities being with the eastern Diegueno who were sometimes
considered one tribe with themselves.
Location.- In Imperial Valley, and on the banks of the sloughs
connecting it with Colorado River. (See also Mexico.)
Villages
There were no true villages.
Population.- Gifford (1931) says there could not have been more
than a few hundred Kamia in aboriginal times. Heintzelman (1857)
gives 254 under the chief Fernando in 1849. (See Diegueno.)
Connection in which they have become noted.- Whatever notoriety
the Kamia, an inconspicuous tribe, has attained is due entirely
to the fame of their valley home.
Karok. Properly Karuk, signifying in their own language
"upstream," but not used as a tribal designation.
Ara, given by Gatschet (1890), signifying "man."
Ivap'i, Shasta name.
Orleans Indians, a name sometimes locally used, especially
downstream from the Karok territory.
Petsikla, Yurok name, meaning "upstream."
Connections.- Originally considered an independent stock, the
Karok are now schooled in a much larger linguistic connection
known as the Hokan family. Their closest relatives are the
Chimariko and Shasta.
Location.- On the middle course of Klamath River between the
Yurok and Shasta and all of the branches of the Klamath except
the upper course of Salmon River.
Subdivisions
The Karok were divided into the Upper Karok above Independence
Creek and the Lower Klamath below that stream.
Villages
Aftaram, on Klamath River, probably above the mouth of Salmon
River.
Ahoeptimi, 10 to 12 miles above Ashipak (q. v.).
Akoteli, a village or portion of a village near the mouth of
Salmon River.
Amaikiara, on the west side of Klamath River below a fall about a
mile below the mouth of Salmon River.
Aranimokw, Yurok name of a Lower Karok town on Klamath River.
Ashanamkarak, at the fall just mentioned, and on the east side of
Klamath River.
Ashipak, on Klamath River a few miles above the mouth of Salmon
River.
Asisufunuk, at Happy Camp, at the mouth of Indian Creek.
Aukni, Shasta name for a village above Happy Camp.
Ayis, some distance above the mouth of Salmon River.
Chamikininich, on the south or east bank of Klamath River in the
Orleans district.
Chiniki, on Klamath River below Camp Creek.
Chinits, at Sims Ferry on Klamath River.
Inam, at the mouth of Clear Creek.
Inoftak, a village or section of a village near the mouth of
Salmon River.
Ishipishi, opposite Katimin, the Karok center of the world just
above the mouth of Salmon River.
Iwatak, a village or section of a village near the mouth of
Salmon River.
Katipiara, on the east bank of Klamath River above the flat at
Orleans.
Kaus, a village or section of a village near the mouth of Salmon
River.
Kumawer, Yurok name of a village above the mouth of Salmon River.
Nupatsu, Shasta name of a village below Happy Camp.
Oler, Yurok name of a village below Camp Creek.
Panamenik, on the flat at Orleans.
Sanipa, on Klamath River below Camp Creek.
Segoashkwu, Yurok name of a village below Camp Creek.
Shavuram or Sahwuram, on Klamath River above Tu'i.
Tachanak, on the west bank of Klamath River at the mouth of Camp
Creek.
Ti, 10 to 12 miles above Ashipak.
Tishrawa, a village or section of a village near the mouth of
Salmon River.
Tsofkaram or Tasofkaram, at Pearch on Klamath River.
Tu'i, Yurok name of a village on Klamath River below Camp Creek.
Unharik, a village or section of a village near the mouth of
Salmon River.
Ussini, Shasta name of a village at the mouth of China Creek.
Wetsitsiko or Witsigo, Yurok name of a village in the Orleans
district.
Wopum, the Karok village farthest down Klamath River opposite Red
Cap Creek.
Yutuirup, a neighbor or suburb of Ishipishi (q. v.).
Population.- The number of Karok were estimated by Kroeber (1925)
at about 1,500 in 1770. In 1905, 576 were returned, and in 1910,
775, but the latter figure is probably too high, though the
census of 1930 returned 755.
Kato. A Pomo place name meaning "lake." Also called:
Batem-da-hai-ee, given by Gibbs (1853).
Kai Po-mo, given by Powers (1877).
Laleshiknom, Yuki name.
Tlokeang, own name.
Connections.- The Kato belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock, and spoke a dialect peculiar to themselves.
Location.- On the uppermost course of the South Fork of Eel
River.
Villages
There are said to have been nearly 50 of these, probably an
overestimate, but none of their names are known.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 500 Kato in 1770; about 50
persons, mostly full-bloods are still reckoned as Kato. (See Bear
River Indians.)
Kawaiisu. So-called by the Yokuts; the signification of the word
is unknown.
Connections.- The Kawaiisu belonged to the Shoshonean branch of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family, and were a more immediate
offshoot, apparently, of the Chemehuevi.
Location.- In the Tehachapi Mountains.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates an aboriginal Kawaiisu
population of perhaps 500 and a present (1925) population of
nearly 150 . (See Alliklik.)
Kitanemuk. Perhaps from the stem ki, "house,"; other synonyms are
Kikitanum, and Kikitamkar.
Connections.- The Kitanemuk belonged to the Shoshonean division
of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock and to a subgroup which
included also the Alliklik, Vanyumc and Serrano.
Location.- On upper Tejon and Paso Creeks, the streams on the
rear side of the Tehachapi Mountains in the same vicinity and the
small creeks draining the northern slope of the Liebre and
Sawmill Range, with Antelope Valley and the western-most end of
the Mohave Desert.
Villages
The present principal Kitanemuk village is called Nakwalki-ve,
and is situated where Tejon Creek breaks out of the hills. (Other
names given do not seem unquestionably those of villages).
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that in 1770 there were
3,500 Serrano, Vanyume, Kitanemuk, and Alliklik, and that these
were represented by about 150 in 1910. (See Alliklik.)
Konomihu. Their own name, significance unknown.
Connections.- The Konomihu was the most divergent of the Shastan
group of tribes of the Hokan linguistic family.
Location.- Territory centering about the forks of Saknon River.
Villages
The principal Konomihu village, called, apparently by the Karok,
Shamnam, was between the forks of Salmon River in Siskiyou
County, on the right ride of the south branch just above the
junction.
Population.- Together with the Chimariko, New River Shasta, and
Okwanuchu, the Konomihu are estimated by Kroeber (1925) to have
numbered about 1,000 in 1770; they are not now enumerated
separately from the Shasta, of whom 844 were returned in 1930.
Koso. Significance unknown.
Ke-at, given by Gatschet (Wheeler Survey, p. 411, 1879).
Panamint, name more often used.
Connections.- The Koso formed the western-most extension of the
Shoshoni-Comanche branch of the Shoshonean division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location.- On a barren tract of land in the southeastern part of
the State between the Sierra and the State of Nevada, and
including Owens Lake, the Coso, Argus, Panamint, and Funeral
Mountains and the intervening valleys.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates an aboriginal Koso
population of not over 500; since 1880 they have been placed at
about 100 to 150.
Lassik. The name derived from that of a chief.
Connections.- The Lassik belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
family and were connected very closely with the Nongatl, who lay
just to the north.
Location.- On a stretch of Eel River, from a few miles above the
mouth of the South Fork not quite to Kekawaka Creek; also Dobbins
Creek, an eastern affluent of the main stream, and Soldier Basin at
the head of the North Fork; to the east they extended to the head
of Mad River.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that in 1770, along with
the Nongatl and Sinkyone, the Lassik numbered 2,000, and in 1910,
100. (See Alliklik.)
Luiseno. From the name of the Mission of San Luis Rey de Francia.
Also called:
Ghecham or Khecham, from the native name of San Luis Rey
Mission.
Connections.- The Luiseno belonged to the Shoshonean division of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family.
Location.- In the southwest part of the state from the coast
toward but wholly west of the divide that extends south from
Mount San Jacinto; bounded northward by the cognate Juaneno,
Gabrielino, and Serrano and south by the Diegueno.
Villages
Ahuyn, near the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Akipa, near Kahpa.
Alapi, south of the middle course of the San Luis Rey River.
Awa', on a head branch of Santa Margarita River.
Hurumpa, west of Riverside.
Huyulkum, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Ikaimai, near San Luis Rey Mission.
Kahpa, on the middle course of San Luis Rey River.
Katukto, between Santa Margarita and San Luis Rey Rivers, north
of San Luis Rey.
Keish, south of San Luis Rey Mission.
Keweyu, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Kolo, near the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Kuka, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Kwalam, on the loner course of San Luis Rey River.
Malamai, northeast of Pala.
Meha, on Santa Margarita River northwest of Temecula.
Mehcl-om-pom-pauvo, near Escondido.
Ngorivo, near the headwaters of San Luis Rey River.
Pa'auw, near Ta'i.
Paiahche, on Elsinore Lake.
Pala, at Pala.
Palamai, on the coast between Buena Vista and Agua Hedionda
Creeks.
Panakare, north of Escondido.
Pashkwo, near the headwaters of San Luis Rey River.
Paumo, east of Pala.
Pu-chorivo, on the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Saumai, south of the middle course of San Luis Rey River.
Shakishmai (Luiseno or Diegueno), on the boundary line between
the two peoples.
Shikapa, west of Escondido.
Sovovo, east of San Jacinto.
Taghanashpa, east of Pala.
Takwi, at the head of Santa Margarita River.
Takwishpo-shapila, near Palomar Mountain.
Ta'i, close to Palomar Mountain.
Tapomai, north of Katukto.
Temeku, east of Temecula.
Tomkav, west of I'ala.
Ushmai. near the mouth of Santa Margarita River.
Wahaumai, on San Luis Rey River above San Luis Rey.
Wiawio, at the mouth of San Luis Rey River.
Wissamai, east of San Luis Rey.
Woshha, near the upper course of San Luis Rey River.
Yami, near Huyulkum.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 4,000 to be a liberally
allowed maximum for the Luiseno in 1770. The United States Indian
Office returned over 2,500 in 1856; 1,300 in 1870; 1,150 in 1885:
and in recent returns, less than 500. (See Alliklik.)
Maidu. A native term meaning "person." Also called:
Wawah, Paiute name for all Sacramento River tribes.
Connections.- Formerly considered an independent stock, the Maidu
have now been placed in the Penutian linguistic family.
Location. - In the drainage areas of the Feather and American Rivers.
Subdivisions
The Maidu are divided, mainly on dialectic grounds, into the
Nishinam or Southern Maidu (holding the whole of the American
drainage plus that of the Bear and Yuba Rivers), the Northeastern
Maidu (on the upper reaches of the North and Middle Forks of
Feather River), and the Northwestern Maidu (below the high
Sierra, part in the foothills where the South, Middle, North, and
West Branches of Feather River converge, and on upper Butte and
Chico Creeks and part in the open Sacramento Valley along the
lower courses of the same streams).
Villages
Southern Division:
Bamo, southwest of Placerville.
Bushamul, on Bear River below the foothills.
Chapa, between the South and Middle Forks of American River.
Chikimisi. on a branch of the North Fork of Cosumnes River.
Chuemdu, on Bear River below the foothills.
Ekele-pakan, west of Placerville.
Helto, on an east branch of Feather River.
Hembem, on the North Fork of American River.
Homiting, on Bear River below the foothills.
Honkut, on Feather River north of Marysville.
Hoko, on Feather River below Marysville.
Indnk, at Placerville.
Intanto, on Bear River below the foothills.
Ksluplo, on Bear River below the foothills.
Kapaka, on Bear River below the foothills.
Kolo-ma, on the South Fork of American River.
Rulkumish, at Colfax.
Kushna, on the South Fork of Yuba River.
Lelikian, on Bear River below the foothills.
Lidlipa, on Bear River below the foothills.
Mimal, on Feather River just south of Marysville.
Molma, at Auburn.
Mulamchapa, on Bear River below the foothills.
Okpa, on Feather River below Marysville.
Ola, on the east bank of Sacramento River above the mouth of
Feather River.
Oncho-ma, south of Placerville.
Opelto, on Bear River below the foothills.
Opok, on the North Fork of Cosumnes River.
Pakanchi, on Bear River below the foothills.
Pan-pakan, on a south branch of Yuba River.
Pitsokut, northwest of American River midway between Auburn
and Sacramento.
Pulakatu, on Bear River below the foothills.
Pushuni, northeast of Sacramento.
Seku-mni, on the lower course of American River.
Shokum-mlepi, on Bear River below the foothills.
Shutamul, on Bear River below the foothills.
Sisum, on Feather River below Marysville.
Siwim-pakan, inland between the Middle and South Forks of
American River.
Solakiyu, on Bear River below the foothills.
Taisida, southeast of Marysville.
Talak, on Bear River below the foothills.
Tomeha, on the east side of Feather River above Marysville.
Tonimbutuk, on Bear River below the foothills.
Toto, on an east branch of Feather River.
Tsekankan, at Grass Valley.
Tumeli, on the South Fork of American River northeast of
Placerville.
Usto-ma, east of Crass Valley.
Wapumni, near the middle course of Cosumnes River.
Wokodot, on a south branch of Yuba River northeast of Grass
Valley.
Woliyu, on Bear River below the foothills.
Yalisu-mni, on the lower course of the South Fork of
American River.
Yamakii, near the junction of the South Fork of American
River with the main stream.
Yikulme, on Feather River above the junction of Bear River.
Yodok, at the junction of the South Fork of American River
with the main stream.
Yokolimdu, on Bear River below the foothills.
Yukulu, on the lower course of the South Fork of American
River.
Yupu, close to Marysville.
Northeastern Division:
Hopnom-koyo, on a north branch of Indian Creek.
Ko-tasi, north of the middle course of Indian Creek.
Naknngkoyo, on the headwaters of the North Fork of Feather
River.
Oidoing-koyo, on the headwaters of the North Fork of Indian
Creek.
Silong-koyo, at Quincy.
Tasi-koyo, on the middle course of Indian Creek.
Yota-moto, on the middle course of Indian Greek.
Northwestern Division:
Bahyu, on a west branch of the North Fork of Feather River.
Bauka, on the west side of Feather River below Oroville.
Bayu, on the west side of Feather River below Oroville.
Benkumkumi, inland between the Middle and North Forks of
Feather River.
Botoko, on the west bank of Feather River below Oroville.
Eskini, on a branch of Sacramento River southeast of Chico.
Hoholto, near the lower course of the Middle Fork of Feather
River.
Hokomo, near the lower course of the Middle Fork of Feather
River.
Halkalya, near the lower course of the Middle Fork of
Feather River.
Konkau, near the lower course of the North Fork of Feather
River.
Kulayapto, near the lower course of the Middle Fork of
Feather River.
Michopdo, southeast of Chico.
Nim-sewi, northeast of Chico.
Ololopa, west of Oroville.
Otaki, northeast of Chico.
Paki, north of Chico.
Tadoiko, south of Chico.
Taichida, on the west bank of Feather River below Oroville.
Taikus, on a west branch of the North Fork of Feather River,
near its lower course.
Toto-ma, on the lower course of the North Fork of Feather
River.
Tsaktomo, at the junction of the Middle and South Forks of
Feather River.
Tsam-bahenom, near the lower course of the Middle Fork of
Feather River.
Tsuka, near the South Fork of Feather River.
Tsulum-sewi, a considerable distance northeast of Chico.
Yauku, northeast of Chico.
Yuma, at Oroville.
Yunu, east of Chico.
Helto, Toto, Honkut, and Tomcha should perhaps be included in the
last division instead of among the Nishinam.
Inhabited sites not included among the above were Hoktem, Kiski,
Kphes, Natoma, Tankum, Tsamnk, Wesnak, and Wili.
The following list of Northwestern Maidu "districts" or
"tribelet" was given to Dr. Kroeber by a Wintun half-breed, who
had spent most of his life associated with the Chico Maidu:
Shi'da-wi, between Sacramento River and lower Pine Creek.
Mu'li, on the Sacramento between Pine and Chico Creeks.
Ts'eno or Ch'e'no, on the west side of the river about opposite
the mouth of Chico Creek.
Su'`nusi, on the Sacramento from Chico Creek to the Llano Seco or
Parrott grant about opposite Jacinto or a couple of miles above.
Batsi', near Jacinto, on the west side, opposite and perhaps
including the Llano Seco grant.
Pi'nhuk, the principal settlement, at Rutte City, of a tribelet
covering a considerable extent of country.
Micho'pdo, from Dayton to Chico east of Little Chico Creek.
O'da-wi, from Chico City water tank to the foothills and from
Edgar slough to Sandy Gulch.
E'sken, from Durham to the foothills and Butte Creek to Clear
Creek.
Shi'udu, from Clear Creek to Feather River and from near Oroville
to past Liveoak.
Ku'lu, east of Shi'udu from Feather River toward the foothills
about as far as the Oroville branch of the Southern Pacific
Railroad and from Oroville inclusive south not quite to
Marysville.
Yu'pu, from the Southern Pacific bridge over the Feather River
north of Marysville to about 2 miles south of the city and from a
short distance west of the Feather to the foothills (this was a
Nishinam village).
Dr. Kroeber (1925) attempts to reconstruct the names of the
Nishinnm or Southern Mnidu tribelets as follows: Following
downstream: Yupu (at mouth of Yuba into Feather River), Kochuk or
(and) Yokol-Liman-Hokok, Wolok or Ola (at efflux of Feather into
Sacramento), Leuchi, Wijuna, Totola or Nawean, Pujune (on
American River just above its mouth), Sek or Sekumne, Kadema and
perhaps others up American River, Sam (below Sacramento city).
This is incomplete.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that 9,000 Maidu about the
year 1770 would be a liberal estimate; the census of 1910
returned 1,100, and that of 1930 only 93.
Mattole. Perhaps from the name of a village. Also called:
Tul'bush, Wailaki name, meaning "foreigners."
Connections.- The Mattole constitute one of the primary divisions
of those Indians of the Athapascan stock living in California.
Location.- On Bear River and Mattole River drainages; also on a
few miles of Eel River and its Van Dusen Fork immediately above
the Wiyot.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that there were 500 Mattole
in 1770; the census of 1910 returned 34, including 10 full-bloods.
(See Bear River Indians.)
Miwok. The native word signifying "people."
Connections.- Originally a distinct stock in the classificatory
system of Powell, Miwok has now been made a subdivision of the
Penutian linguistic family.
Location.- The Miwok lived in three detached groups as follows:
(1) The main body on the long western slope of the Sierra Nevada
between Fresno and Cosumnes Rivers and in that part of the valley
which is intersected by the winding arms of the deltas of the San
Joaquin and the Sacramento; (2) the Coast Miwok from the Golden
Gate north to Duncan's Point and eastward to Sonoma Creek; and
(3) the Lake Miwok in the basin of Clear Lake, including the
drainage of two small streams flowing into the lowest mile or two
of Clear Lake, and the southern bank of Cache Creek, the lake
outlet, for a short distance beyond.
Subdivisions
Apart from the natural groups indicated above, the following
dialectic subdivisions may be made out:
The Lake Miwok identical with the geographical group just
described.
The Bodega Miuok, about Bodega Bay in the coastal area.
The Coast Miwok, occupying the rest of the coastal area.
The Plains Miwok, in the deltas of the San Joaquin and Cosumnes
Rivers.
The Northern Miwok, in the upper valleys of Mokelumne and
Calaveras Rivers.
Central Miwok, in the upper valleys of the Stanislaus and
Tuolumne.
The Southern Miwok, along the headwaters of the Merced and
Chowchilla and on Mariposa Creek.
The Lake Miwok were furthermore subdivided into two, or possibly
three, district or tribal groups: (1) about the present Lower
Lake, (2) on the headwaters of Putah Creek, and perhaps (3) in
Pope Valley.
Villages
Lake Miwok:
Kado'i'-yomi-pukut, Cookman Ranch, toward Lower Lake.
Kai-yomi-pukut, in Pope Valley at the limit of Miwok
territory.
Kala'u-yomi, in Coyote Valley.
Kawi-yomi, a town reported by Barrett (1908 b) on north
frontier of Miwok, perhaps originally Pomo.
Kilinyo-ke, at Eaton Ranch in Coyote Valley.
Ki'tsin-pukut, Gamble, in Coyote Valley.
Laka'h-yomi, on Weldon's ranch a mile and a half from
Middletown and on Putah Creek.
La'lmak-pukut, at north end of Middletown.
Ole'-yomi, on the Berry place in Coyote Valley on Putah
Creek.
Sha'lshal-pukut and Shanak-yomi-pukut, at Asbill in Coyote
Valley.
Tsitsa-pukut, according to Barrett (1908 b), a site at the
north end of Miwok territory but believed by Kroeber's informants
to have been occupied by Miwok only in late times.
Tsok-yomi-pukut or Shokomi, 3 miles below the store or town
of Pope Valley.
Tsu'keliwa-pukut, "at the new Siegler swimming resort."
Tu'bud or Tu'bul, on Asbill property toward Lower Lake.
Tule'-yomi, 2-3 miles south of the American town of Lower
Lake.
Tumi'stumis-pukut, given by Barrett (1908 b).
Wi'lok-yomi, near the present rancheria or reservation but
may have been Wappo.
Wodi'-laitepi, in Jerusalem Valley.
Yawi'-yomi-pukut, above Tgu'keliwa-pukut in a canyon.
Coast Miwok:
Amayelle, on San Antonio Creek.
Awachi, at the mouth of Estero Americano.
Awani-wi, at San Rafael.
Bauli-n, on Bounas Bay.
Chokeche, near Novato.
Echa-kolum, on Tomales Bay south of Marshall.
Echa-tamai, at Nicasio.
Etem, at Petaluma.
Ewapalt, near Valley Ford.
Ewu, north of San Rafael.
Helspattai, on Bodega Bay.
Hime-takala, on Bodega Bay.
Ho-takala, on Bodega Bay.
Huchi, at Sonoma.
Kennekono, at Bodega Corners.
Kotati, at Cotati.
Likatiut, on Petaluma River north of Petaluma.
Liwanelowa, at Sausalito.
Lumen-takala, northeast of Cotati.
Meleya, on San Antonio Creek southwest of Petaluma.
Olema-loke, at Olema.
Olompolli, northwest of Novato.
Oye-yomi, near Freestone.
Pakahuwe, near Freestone.
Patawa-yomi, near Freestone.
Payinecha, west of Cotati.
Petaluma, east of Petaluma River and the present Petaluma.
Pulya-lakum, on the ocean near the mouth of Salmon Creek.
Puyuku, south of Ignacio.
Sakloki, opposite Tomales Point.
Shotokmo-cha, southeast of Ignacio.
Shotomko-wi, on Tomales Bay near the mouth of San Antonio
Creek.
Susuli, northwest of Petaluma.
Suwutenne, north of Bodega Corners.
Tembiek, west of Sonoma.
Tiwut-huya, on the coast outside of Bodega Bay.
Tokau, on Bodega Bay.
Tuchavelin, northwest of Petaluma.
Tuli, northwest of Sonoma.
Tulme, northwest of Petaluma.
Uli-yomi, at the head of Estero Americano.
Utnmia, near Tomales.
Wotoki, on the south side of Petaluma River.
Wugilwa, on Sonoma Creek.
Valley Miwok:
Plains Division:
Chuyumkatat, on Cosumnes River.
Hulpu-mni, on the east bank of Sacramento River below
Sacramento.
Lel-amni, on Mokelumne River.
Lulimal, near Cosumnes River.
Mayeman, on Cosumnes River.
Mokel(-umni), on Mokelumne River.
Mokos-umni, on Cosumnes River.
Ochech-ak, on Jackson Creek.
Sakayak-umni, on Mokelumne River.
Sukididi, on Cosumnes River.
Supu, on Cosumnes River.
Tukui, on Cosumnes River.
Umucha, near Cosumnes River.
Yomit, on Cosumnes River.
Yumhui, near Cosumnes River.
Northern Division:
Apautanrilu, between Mokelumne and Calaveras Rivers.
Chakane-su, on Jackson Creek?
Kechenu, at the head of Calaveras River.
Heina, between Mokelumne River and the head of Calaveras
River.
Huta-su, at San Andreas.
Kaitimu, at the hend of Calaveras River.
Ketina, between Mokelumne and Calaveras Rivers.
Kunusu, near Mokelumne River.
Mona-su, on the headwaters of Calaveras River.
Noma, near the South Fork of Cosumnes River.
Omo, near the South Fork of Cosumnes River.
Penken-su, inland south of Mokelumne River.
Pola-su, near Jackson.
Seweu-su, on Jackson Creek?
Sopochi, between Mokelumne River and Jackson Greek.
Tukupe-su, at Jackson.
Tumuti, on the headwaters of Jackson Creek.
Upusuni, on Mokelumne River.
Yule, south of Cosumne River.
Yuloni, on Jackson Creek.
Central Division:
Akankau-nchi, two towns of the name, (1) near Sonora, (2) a
considerable distance to the southwest.
Akawila, between a branch of Tuolumne River and Stanislaus
River.
Akutanuka, northwest of Stanislaus River.
Alakani, east of San Andreas.
Chakachi-no, southwest of Sonora.
Hanguite, on the South Fork of Stanislaus River.
Hechhechi, on the headwaters of Tuolumne River.
Hochhochmeti, on Tuolumne River.
Humata, on a branch of Calaveras River.
Hunga, northeast of Sonora.
Kapanina, southwest of Sonora.
Katuka, on a branch of Calaveras River.
Kawinucha, near the North fork of Stanislaus River.
Kesa, a short distance east of Sonora.
Kewe-no, on Stanislaus River.
Kosoununo-nu, between Stanislaus River and San Andreas.
Kotoplana, a short distance west of Sonora.
Kulamu, on a branch of Tuolumne River.
Kuluti, at Sonora.
Loyowisa, near the junction of the Middle and South Forks of
Stanislaus River.
Newichu, between Stanislaus River and a head branch of
Calaveras River.
Olaniye, east of Sonora.
Oloikoto, on Stanislaus River.
Pangasema-nu, on a northern branch of Tuolumne River.
Pasi-nu, on Tuolumne River southeast of Sonora.
Pigliku (Miwok pronunciation of "Big Greek"), south of
Tuolumne River.
Pokto-no, a short distance west of Sonora.
Pota, a short distance northwest of Sonora.
Sala, just south of Pigliku.
Sasamu, almost due east of San Andreas.
Shulaputi, just southeast of the preceding.
Siksike-no, south of Sonora near Tuolumne River.
Singawu-nu, at the head of a branch of Tuolumne River.
Sopka-su, southwest of Sonora between Stanislaus and
Tuolumne Rivers.
Suchu-numu, southwest of Sonora.
Sukanola, southeast of Sonora.
Sukwela, east of Sonora.
Sutamasina, on the South Fork of Stanislaus River.
Takema, on the Middle Fork of Stanislaus River.
Telese-no, northeast of Sonora.
Tel'ula, northeast of Sonora.
Tipotoya, on Stanislaus River.
Tulana-chi, on Stanislaus River.
Tulsuna, between the South and Middle Forks of Stanislaus
River.
Tunuk-chi, northeast of Sonora.
Tuyiwu-nu, on Stanislaus River.
Waka-che, southwest of and near Sonora.
Wokachet, on the South Fork of Stanislaus River.
Wolanga-su, south of the junction between the South and
Middle Forks of Stanislaus River.
Wuyu, on Stanislaus River.
Yungakatok, near the junction of the North and Middle Forks
of Stanislaus River.
Southern Division:
Alaula-chi, on Merced River.
Angisawepa, on Merced River.
Awal, on Merced River.
Awani, close to Yosemite.
Hikena, on Merced River.
Kakahula-chi, on Merced River.
Kasumati, near Mariposa.
Kitiwana, on Merced River.
Kuyuka-chi, on Merced River.
Nochu-chi, near Mariposa.
Nowach, on the headwaters of Chowchilla River.
Olwia, on the headwaters of Chowchilla River.
Owelinhatihu, on Merced River.
Palachan, on a southern branch of Merced River.
Sayangasi, between the middle courses of Merced and Tuolumne
Rivers.
Siso-chi, on Merced River.
Sope-nchi, on a northern branch of Merced River.
Sotpok, on a southern branch of Merced River.
Wasema, near the head of Fresno River.
Wehilto, on the upper waters of Fresno River.
Wilito, on Merced River.
Yawoka-chi, on Merced River.
Many other village names have been recorded, but the above list
contains all those which are well authenticated independent
settlements.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that in 1770 there were
about 500 Lake Miwok 1,500 Coast Miwok, and 9,000 Plains and
Sierra Miwok, bringing the total to 11,000. The census of 1910
returned 670, but Kroeber estimates about 700 of the Plains and
Sierra Miwok alone. The census of 1930 returned 491.
Modoc. This tribe extended into the northern part of the State.
(See Oregon.)
Mohave. The Mohave occupied some territory in the neighborhood of
the Colorado River. (See Arizona.)
Nicoleno. From San Nicolas, the most eastward of the Santa
Barbara Islands.
Connections.- They belonged to the Shoshoncan Division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, but their more immediate
affiliations are uncertain.
Location.- on the island above mentioned.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) gives an estimate of their population
in conjunction with the Gabrielino and Fernandeno (q. v.). (See
also Alliklik.)
Nongatl. Significance unknown. Also called:
Saia, by the Hupa, along with other Athapascans to the
south; meaning "far off."
Connections.- The Nongatl belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
family and were closely connected with the Lassik (q. v.).
Location.- In the territory drained by three right-hand effluents
of Eel River- Yager Creek, Van Dusen Fork, and Larrabee Creek-
and on the upper waters of Mad River.
Population.- The Nongatl were estimated by Kroober (1925) to
number in 1770, along with the Sinkyone and Lassik, 2,000, and
100 in 1910. (See Bear River Indians.)
Okwanuchu. Significance unknown.
Connections.- The Okwanuchu belonged to the Shastan Division of
the Hokan linguistic stock.
Location.- On the upper Sacramento from about the vicinity of
Salt and Boulder Creeks to its headwaters; also on the McCloud
River and Squaw Creek from about their junction up.
Population.- See Chimariko and Shasta.
Paiute, Northern. The Northern Paiute occupied part of the Sierra
in the southeastern part of the State and the desert country east
of it and also a strip of laud in the extreme northeast. (See
Nevada.)
Patwin. Signifying "person" in their own language.
Connections.- The Patwin formed the southernmost and most diverse
dialectic division of the former Wintun (or Copehan) linguistic
family, now considered part of the Penutian stock.
Location.- On the western side of Sacramento Valley, and
extending from San Francisco Bay to a point a little south of
Willows, occupying both sides of Sacramento River from a few
miles above its junction with Feather River to the northern
boundaries of their territory.
Subdivisions, or "Tribelets," and Villages
(As given by Kroeber, 1932)
River Patwin:
Colusa Dialect:
Katsi'l, less than a mile below the present Katsi'l
Reservation.
Ke'ti' on the site of the present Princeton
Koru' in Colusa city, named from it.
Kukui, one and a half miles below Koru'.
Soma 2 miles below modern Katsi'l, somewhat off the river,
and not certainly an independent unit.
Tatno, perhaps 2 miles above Colusa.
Ts'a', 3 miles below Princeton.
Wa'itere, 2 or 3 miles above the present Katsi'l, or "Colusa
rancheria."
Grimes Dialect:
Ko'doi(-dihi), a mile below Saka, on the J. Brown place.
Kussmpu, on the east side of Sacramento River, perhaps a
mile below No'matsapin.
Lo'klokma-ti'nbe, in the southern outskirts of Grimes.
No'matsapin, about 5 miles downstream from Saka.
Nowi(-dihi), 1 mile below Lo'klokma-ti'nbe
P'alo, 1 or 2 miles downstream from Tsalki, some 3 miles
above Kirkville.
Saks, little more than 100 yards from last, at Eddy's Ferry.
Tsaki, 7 or 8 miles below Saka.
T'inik(-dihi), on the east side about opposite Ko'doi,
status uncertain.
Yali, opposite Saka, on east bank.
Knight's Landing Dialect (only ones remembered):
Hololum (?), between Kirkville and Knight's Landing.
Yo'doi, at Knight's Landing giving name to Yolo.
Hill Patwin (from south to north):
South of Cache no names of tribelets are known but villages
called Swkol, Tuluka, Ula-to, Topai-dihi, and Liwai-to. On Lower
Cache Creek Barrett places Pulupulu, Churup, Kachituli, also Moso
(at Capay). C. H. Merriam (1929) gives Koph' (Kope) (in the broad
flat part of Capay Valley near Brooks), and Kroeber (1932) Hacha
(3 miles below Capay).
Kisi a village upstream on Cache Creek, may have been a
tribal center.
Imii a village apparently in a tribal territory (near
Guinda), and Suya, a village (half a mile north of Guinda),
besides 16 inhabited sites mentioned by one informant.
Lopa and Tebti (on or near Cache Creek), villages probably
belonging to a tribelet.
Sukui-sel; whose principal village was Sukui (2-3 miles
above Sulphur Creek).
Kuikui, a village was Sukui (2-3 miles above Sulphur Creek).
Kuikui, A village (on Cache Creek 2 miles below the mouth of
Bartlett), and Opi, a village (on Cache Creek at the mouth of
Bartlett), probably in a tribelet.
Tebti-sel, including the villages of Tebti (on Bartlett
Creek at the mouth of Long Valley Creek), and Helu'supet or
Helu'sapet (downstream within 2 or 3 miles of Gache Creek).
Lol-sel, located at village of A'li-ma-ti'nbe (some 5 miles
up Long Valley Creek).
Loli (either on Bartlett Creek 3 miles from Tebti or in
Indian Valley) was a village in an unnamed tribelet.
Wor-pa'ntibe, one of whose villages was Wa'i-taluk (in
Morgan Valley south of Cache Creek).
Tsuhel-mem or Chuhel-mem, a village on Indian Creek above
Ladoga and Kabal-mem or Kabel-mem, a later village.
A tribelet called Edl' or Edi'la.
A tribelet with villages at Bahka(labe) (not far from the
mouth of Indian Creek).
Kula'(-la) (some miles up), and Dikikala'i (downstream from
Bahka).
Yakut (on Sand Creek), perhaps a tribelet by itself.
Wa'ikau-sel, with villages at Let(-labe) (near Cortina
Creek).
Wa'ikau (on main Cortina Creek), and perhaps Kotu (1 1/2 or
2 miles upstream from Wa'ikau).
A tribelet at Pone (on Grapevine Canyon or Road, three or
more miles north of Sites).
Potba-sel, or a village called Potba(-labe), (at a spring in a
gulley half a dozen miles north of the last.
Population.- (See Wintun.)
Pomo. From the native ending -pomo or -poma, placed after the
names of village or local groups, the exact meaning of which is
unknown. Also called:
Nokonmi, Yuki name.
Connections.- The Pomo were originally placed in a distinct
linguistic stock (Kulanapan) but are now attached to the widely
scattered Hokan family.
Location.- The Pacific Coast between Cleone and Duncan's Point,
and inland, with some interruptions, as far as Clear Lake; there
was a detached group on Stony Creek.
Subdivisions
The Pomo were divided dialectically into the following groups:
Salt Pomo or Northeastern Pomo, on the headwaters of Stony Creek.
Eastern Pomo, on the northern and southern effluents of Clear
Lake.
Southeastern Pomo, about Lower Lake.
Northern Pomo, from the northern boundary of Pomo territory to
Navarro River and some distance above Ukiah on Russian River.
Central Pomo, from the above boundaries to Gualala on the coast
and a point north of Cloverdale on Russian River.
Southern Pomo or Gallinomero, in the inland portion of the
remaining Pomo territory.
Southwestern or Gualala Pomo, on the coast section of the
remaining territory.
Certain divisions larger than villages were recognized in an
indefinite way by the people themselves.
Village Communities
Northeastern Pomo:
Bakamtati, at Stony Ford.
Cheetido, at the salt deposit.
Turururaibida, above the forks of Stony Creek.
The status of the last two of these is somewhat uncertain.
Eastern Pomo:
Bidamiwina, Nonapotl, and Shabegok were names of three
places which were at different times centers of a community
called Habe-napo or "rock people," around Kelseyville.
Danoha, some miles up an eastern affluent of lower Scott
Creek, connected with which was Badonnapoti on Bloody Island in
Upper Lake off the mouth of Scott Creek and Behepel or Gabehe
between the two.
Howalek, on Middle Creek near Upper Lake town.
Kashibadon, at Lakeport on the west side of the lake.
Shigom, on the east side of main Clear Lake.
Yobutui, on the opposite side of lower Scott Creek from the
northern Pomo village of Mayi.
Southeastern Pomo:
Elem, on Rattlesnake or Sulphur Bank Island in the Bay known
as East Lake.
Kamdot or Lemakma, on Buckingham Island near the entrance to
Lower Lake.
Koi, Hoyi, Shutauyomanok, or Kaubokolai, on an island near
the outlet of the lake.
Northern Pomo:
Bakau, at Little Lake north of Willits.
Buldam, at the mouth of Big River.
Chomchadila, on the West Fork near Calpelia.
Chauishak, near Willits.
Dapishu or Kachabida, in Redwood Canyon.
Kachake, on Mill Creek, separate position uncertain.
Kadiu, at the mouth of Noyo River.
Kalaili, at the mouth of Little River.
Katuli, above Navarro River at Christine.
Komli, at Ukiah.
Kulakai, at a lake south of Shernwood.
Lemkolil, on Anderson Creek near Boonville.
Masut or Shivol, on the West Fork of Russian River near the
mouth of Seward Creek.
Mato, northwest of Sherwood.
Mayi, on Scott Creek near Tule Lake, not far from the town
of Upper Lake.
Nabo or Nato, near Willits.
Naboral, on Scott Creek northwest of Lakeport.
Pomo, in Potter Valley downstream from Sedam.
Shabnkana, Bitadanek, and Kobida, three sites successively
inhabited by one group, whose home was on Forsythe Creek.
Sedam, in Potter Valley downstream from Shanel.
Shachamkau, Chamkawi or Bomaa, downstream?, in Coyote
Valley.
Shanekai, in a small elevated valley between the heads of an
affluent of southern Eel River and a tributary of Middle Creek
which drains into the head of Clear Lake.
Shanel or Seel or Botel, at the north end of Potter Valley
on the East Fork of Russian River.
Shotsiu, east of Willits.
Tabate, below Philo on Navarro River.
Tsakamo, on Russian River at the mouth of Cold Creek.
Tsamomda, west of Willits.
Tsiyakabeyo, on a tributary of Middle Creek which drains
into the head of Clear Lake, probably only a part of Shanekai.
On the North Fork of Navarro River were three sites, Chaida,
Chulgo, and Huda, which may have constituted a community.
Central Porno:
Danokeya, name uncertain, on Rancheria Creek.
Kahwalau, Russian River at the mouth of Pieta Creek.
Kodalau, on Brush Creek.
Koloko, Russian River at the mouth of Squaw Creek.
Lachupda, on the upper waters of the North Fork of Gualala
River.
Lema on McNab Creek a mile or two up from Russian River.
Pdahau or Icheche, on Lower Garcia River.
Shanel, near the mouth of McDowell and Feliz Creeks, in
Hopland Valley.
Shepda, on Russian River at the entry of Wise Creek.
Shiego, on Russian River at the mouth of McNab Creek.
Shokadjal, on Russian River in Ukiah Valley.
Tatem, downstream from the last and in the same village.
Southern Pomo or Gallinomero:
Batikleehawi, at Sebastopol at the head of the slough known
as Laguna de Santa Rosa, an important village and probably the
head of a district.
Hiwalhmu, a village and probably the head of a community on
the Gualala River drainage.
Hukabetawi, near Santa Rosa City and perhaps the head of a
community.
Kalme, a community in the Russian River drainage.
Kubahmoi, a village and probably the head of a community on
the Gualala River drainage.
Makahmo, on the Russian drainage at the mouth of Sulphur
Creek.
Ossokowi, a village and probably the center of a community
on Russian River extending from the mouth of Elk Creek halfway up
to Geyserville.
Shamli, a village on Gualala River drainage, perhaps the
head of a community.
Shawako, on Dry Creek at the mouth of Pina Creek.
Wilok, at the head of Santa Rosa Creek.
Wotokkaton, head of a community in the vicinity of
Healdsburg.
Southwestern or Gualala Pomo:
Ashachatiu, a village at the mouth of Russian River
connected probably with Chalanchawi.
Chalanchawi (see Ashachatiu).
Chiti-bida-kali, north of Timber Cove.
Danaga, at Stewart's Point.
Hibuwi, on the Middle Fork of the Gualala.
Kowishal, at Black Point.
Meteni, perhaps the name of a group at the site of Fort
Ross, though another name, Madshuinui is also mentioned.
Potol, on Haupt and Hopper Creeks, perhaps the center of a
group.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 8,000 Pomo in 1770; the
census of 1910 returned 777, but this figure perhaps does not
include all, as Kroeber gives 1,200 for the same year. According
to the census of 1930, there were then 1,143.
Salinan. From Salinas River which drains most of their territory.
Connections.- Formally considered a distinct linguistic stock,
they are now connected with the Hokan linguistic family.
Location.- From the headwaters of the Salinas- or perhaps only
from the vicinity of the Santa Margarita Divide- north to Santa
Lucia Peak and an unknown point in the valley somewhere south of
Soledad; and from the sea presumably to the main crest of the
Coast Range.
Subdivisions
On linguistic grounds the Salinan have been divided into the San
Miguel Salinas on the upper course of Salinas River, the San
Antooio Salinas below the preceding to Costanoan territory, and
the Playano along the coast.
Villages
San Antonio Division:
Chahomesh, at the head of San Antonio River.
Chohwahl, near the mouth of San Antonio River.
Chukilin, at the head of Nacimiento Creek.
Holamna Jolon, southeast of San Antonio Mission.
Nasihl Pleyto, on lower San Antonio River.
Sapewis, below the preceding.
Skotitoki, north of San Antonio Mission.
Tesospek, on San Antonio River above San Antonio Mission.
Tetachoya Ojitos, on lower San Antonio River.
San Miguel Division:
Cholame, probably on Cholame Creek or at the mouth of
Estrella Creek.
Teshaumis, on the upper course of Cholame Creek.
Teshaya, at San Miguel Mission.
Trolole, near Cholame or near Santa Margarita.
Playano:
Ehmahl, located conjecturally near Lucia.
Lema, perhaps lower down the coast than the preceding.
Ma'tihl'she, located conjecturally still farther south.
Tsilakaka, placed conjecturally near San Simeon.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that there may have been
3,000 Salinan in 1770 but that 2,000 is a safer estimate; about
40 remain. The census of 1910 returned 16; that of 1930, none.
Serrano. A Spanish word, meaning "mountaineers." Also called:
Banumints, Chemehuevi name.
Cow-ang-a-chem, own name (Barrows 1900).
Cuabajai applied by Mohave to those about Tejon Creek.
Genigueches, by Garces in 1776.
Gikidanum, or Gitanemuk, Serrano of upper Tejon and Paso
Creeks in the San Joaquin Valley drainage.
Hanakwiche, by some Yuman tribes.
Hanyuveche, Mohave name.
Kniviat-am, given by a native as their own name, from kaich,
"mountain."
Kuvahaivima, Mohave name for those about Tejon Creek.
Marangakh, by their southern and other neighbors.
Marayam, Luiseho name.
Mayintalap, southern Yokuts name for Serrano of upper Tejon,
Paso, and possibly Pasloria Creeks, meaning "large bows."
Mdhineyam, narne for themselves, given by Mohave River
Serrano.
Panumits, Chemchuevi name for Serrano north of the San
Bernardino Range, toward Tehachapi Mountains.
Pitantn, Chemehuevi name for those Serrano north of San
Bernardino Range in Mohave Desert and on Tejon Creek.
Takhtam, by Gatschet (in Wheeler Surv., vol. 7, p. 413,
1879), meaning "men."
Tamankamyam, by the related Aguas Calientcs.
Witanghatal, Tubatulabal name for the Tejon Creek Serrano.
Connections.- The Serrano belonged to the Shoshonean Division of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location.- In the San Bernardino Range; a tract of unknown extent
northward; the San Gabriel Mountains or Sierra Madre west to
Mount San Antonio; and probably a tract of fertile lowland south
of the Sierra Madre, from about Cucamongn east to above Mentone
and as far as San Gorgonio Pass.
Villages
The following place names have been recorded and many of these
probably were names of villages:
Acha-va-t, east of Bear Lake.
Aka-va-t, west of Banning.
Arhangk, near Colton.
Atan-pa-t, northeast of Acha-va-t.
Hikavanu-t, west of Colton.
Hisaku-pa, on the outlet of Bear Lake.
Hunga-va-t, in San Timotec Canyon.
Kayah-pia-t, at Bear Lake.
Kotaina-t, on Santa Ana River east of San Bernardino.
Kalki, northeast of Banning.
Maronga, on Morongo Creek.
Musku-pia-bit, northwest of San Bernardino.
Nilengli, near San Bernardino Peak.
Nanamu-vya-t, at the head of Mohave River.
Padjudju-t, at the head of Mohave River.
Puwipuwi, near San Gorgonio Mountain.
Toloka-bi, in San Timoteo Canyon.
Wacha-vak, where San Timoteo Canyon comes out on Santa Ana River.
Wahinu-t, in Cajon Canyon.
Yamiwu, perhaps Cahuilla, north of San Jacinto Peak.
Population.- Kroeber gives 1,500 Serrano as an ample allowance in
aboriginal times; the census of 1910 returned 118. (See
Alliklik.)
Shasta. Probably from a chief called Sasti. Also called:
Ekpimi, Ilmawi name.
Mashukhara, Karok name.
Wulx, Takelma name, meaning "enemies."
Connections.- The Shasta constituted part of the Shastan division
of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Location.- On Klamath River from a point between Indian and
Thompson Creeks to a spot a few miles above the mouth of Fall
Creek; also the drainage areas of two tributaries of the Klamath-
Scott River and Shasta River- and a tract on the north side of
the Siskiyous in Oregon on the effluents of Rogue River known as
Stewart River and Little Butte Creek.
Subdivisions
Ahotueitsu, in Shasta Valley.
Cecilville Indians, about Cecilville; they spoke a distinct
dialect; the Indians called by Merriam (1926) Haldokehewuk.
Iruaitsu, in Scott Valley.
Kahosadi, on the effluents of Rogue River.
Kammatwa or Wiruhikwairuk'a, on Klamath River.
The term New River Shasta is incorrectly used since there were no
Shasta on New River.
Villages
Ahotiretsu Division:
Ahawaiwig, Astn, Ihiweah, Ikahig, Kusta
Iruaitsu Division:
Itayah and Crowichaira the only ones known.
Kammatwa Division (in order up stream):
Chitatowoki (north side), Ututsu (N.), Asouru (N.), Sumai (N.),
Arahi (S.), Harokwi (N.), Kwasuk (S.), Aika (N.), Umtahawa (N.),
Itiwukha (N.), Ishui (N.), Awa (N.), Waukaiwa (N.), Opshiruk
(N.), Tshumpi (N.). Okwayig (N ), Eras (S.), Asurahawa (S.),
Kutsastsus (N.).
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates that there were about 2,000
Shasta in 1770; in 1910 there were only about 100. The entire
Shastan stock numbered 844 according to the returns of the 1930
census, and in 1937, 418 "Pit River" Indians were enumerated, a
portion of this stock.
Connections in which they have become noted.- Mount Shasta,
Shasta County, and a place in the county preserve the name of the
Shasta Indians.
Sinkyone. From Sinkyo, the name of the South Fork of Eel River.
Connections.- The Sinkyone were one of the tribes of the southern
California group of the Athapascan family.
Location.- On the South Fork of Eel River and its branches and
the adjacent coast from near Four Mile Creek to Usal Lagoon.
Land Areas
(Given by native informants to Nomland (1935) instead of
villages)
Anse'ntakuk, the land south of Briceland.
Chashinguk, the ridge north of Briceland.
Senke'kuk, to the South Fork from Garberville.
Shusashish'ha, the region north of Garberville.
Totro'be, the land around Briceland.
Yenekuk, an area southeast of Briceland.
Yese', coast area to the Mattole boundary at Four Mile Creek.
Yese'kuk, the Mattole River area.
Population.- (See Lassik and Bear River Indian).
Tolowa. So-called by the Yurok. Also called
Aqusta, by Dorsey (MS.), meaning "southern language,"
Naltunnetunne name.
Lagoons, by Heintzlernam (in Ind. Aff. Rep., 1857, p. 392; 1858).
Lopas, by Heintzleman (op. cit.).
Connections.- The Tolowa constituted one of the divisions into
which the California peoples of the Athapascan linguistic stock
are divided, but they were closely connected with the Athapascan
tribes of Oregon immediately to the north.
Location.- On Crescent Bay, Lake Earl, and Smith River.
Villages
(According to Drucker, 1937)
Etculet, at end of point in Lake Earl.
Ha'tsahothwut, long abandoned site.
Kehosli'hwut, on east bank, lower course of Smith River.
Mestlte'tltun, on Crescent Bay.
Mi'litcuntun, on middle course of Smith River.
Mu'nsontun, on east bank, on lower course of Smith River.
Munshri'na taso', long abandoned site.
Muslye', on North Fork of Smith River.
Na'kutat, a suburb of Tatitun,
Numore'tun, long abandoned site.
Sitragi'tum, on the west bank of Smith River below Mill Creek.
Ta'gestlsatun, on coast at mouth of Wilson Crcek, mixed with
Yurok.
Ta'tatun, on Crescent Bay.
Tati'tun, on shore of Crescent Bay near north end.
Tcestu'mtun, on South Fork of Smith River.
Tcunsu'tltun, on east bank of Smith River at mouth of Mill Creek.
Te'nitcuntun, between North and South Forks of Smith River at
junction.
Tltru'ome, on Crescent Bay toward south end.
Tro'let, a small suburb of Yotokut near mouth of Smith River.
Tunme'tun, on a small branch of the North Fork of Smith River.
Tushroshku'shtun, on peninsula between two arms of Lake Earl.
Yoto'kut, on coast south of mouth of Smith River.
Population.- Kroebcr estimates "well under" 1,000 Tolowa in 1770
and indicates a possible modification to 450; the census of 1910
returned 121. In 1930 the "Oregon Athapascans," including the
Tolowa, were reported to number 504.
Tubatulabal. A Shoshonean word meaning "pine-nut eaters." Also
called:
Bahkanapul or Pahkanapil, own name, said to refer to all
those who speak their language.
Kern River Indians. popular name.
Pitanisha, the usual Yokuts name, from Pitani-u, the place-
name of the forks of Kern River.
Wateknasi, by Yokuts, meaning "pine-nut eaters."
Connections.- Under the name of Kern River Shoshoneans, the
Tubatulabal are given a position as one of the major divisions of
the Shoshonean branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family.
Location.- In the upper part of the valley of Kern River.
Subdivisions
Bankalachi, on west slopes of Greenhorn Mountains.
Palagewan, on Kern River above mouth of South Fork.
Tubatulabal, on lower reaches of South Fork of Kern River.
Villages
E. W. Voegelin (1938) gives the following:
Palagewan sites:
Holit, near mouth of Bull Run Creek, SW. quar, see. 4, T. 25
S., R. 33 E.
Pashgeshtap, at hot spring on east edge of Hot Springs
Valley, SE. quar., sec. 31 T. 26 S., R. 33 E.
Tcuhkayi, at hot springs in foothills, SE. quar. sec. 26, T.
25 S., R. 33 E.
Tubatulabal sites:
Hahalam, South Fork Kern River, NW. quar., sec. 16, T. 26
S., R. 34 E.
Kolokum, near springs on Fay Creek, NE. quar., sec. 22, T.
25 S., R. 34 E.
Omomip, (1) on north bank of South Fork Kern River, NW.
quar., sec. 3, T. 26 S., R. 35 E. (2), north bank of South Fork
of Kern River, SW., quar., sec. 4, T. 26 S., R. 35 E.
Padazhap, below and above spring, in foothills south of
South Fork Valley, SW. quar., sec. 31, T. 26 S., R. 34 E.
Tcebunun, south hank of South Fork of Kern River, SW. quar.,
sec. 35, T. 25 S., R. 35 E.
Tushpan, on floor of South Fork Valley, SW. quar., sec. 14,
T. 26 S., R. 34 E.
Umubilap, below spring on flat, near west end of South Fork
Valley, SE. quar., sec. 12, T. 26 S., R. 33 E.
Uupulap, on the west side of South Fork of Kern River, NW.
quar., sec. 24, T. 25 S., R. 35 E.
Yitiyamup, at springs in foothills, north edge of South Fork
Valley, SE. quar, ser. 35, T. 25 S., R. 34 E.
Yowolup, at spring on floor of South Fork Valley.
Name unknown, on South Fork of Kern River, NE. quar., sec.
18, T. 26 S., R. 34 E.
History.- From the specialization of their language, Kroeber
(1925) inferred that these people had occupied their country for
a long time but later researches by Whorf (1935) make this less
certain. The first white person to visit them was Father Garces
in 1776 and during the next 50 years they were brought in contact
with the San Buena Ventura Mission, founded in 1782 near Ventura.
By 1846 white settlers had established ranches in South Fork
Valley, and in 1857 the Kern River gold rush began in Palagewan
territory. During 1862 a few Tubatulabal joined the Owens Valley
Paiute in hostilities against the Whites, and about this time a
group of Koso Indians settled in the Tubatulabal area,
intermarrying chiefly with the Kawaiisu, however. In 1863, 35-40
Tubatulnbal and Palagewan men were massacred near Kernville by
American soldiers. Between 1865 and 1875 the Tubatulabal began to
practice agriculture and in 1893 the majority of them and a few
Palagewan survivors were allotted land in South Fork and Kern
Valleys.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) makes an estimate of 1,000
Tubatulabal for the year 1770 but Voegelin (1938) regards this as
"probably too high." Henley in 1854 gives a figure of 100 which
seems to apply to the Tubatulabal and Palagewan Bands, but
Voegelin points out that it may be necessary to double this on
account of a band temporarily absent from the country, and the
same writer estimates that Henley indicates a band of perhaps 50
which may have been the Bankalachi. A village sit estimate
obtained by Voegelin (1938) from native informants suggested a
total about 1855-60 of 228 Tubatulabal, and 65 Palagewan, or 293
combined. An estimate for 1863 based on the total of adult males
indicates a population of 220.
The United States Census of 1910 returned 105 and a field
census taken by Voegelin in 1832 including all mixtures, 145.
Vanyume. Name applied by the Mohave; significance unknown, though
it is probably related to the term Panamint given to the Koso.
Connections.- The Vanyume belonged to the Shoshonean Division of
the Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock, their closest connections being
probably with the Kitanemuk, and secondly with the Serrano.
Location.- On Mohave River.
Population.- (See Alliklik.) They are now extinct as a tribe.
Wailaki. A Wintun word meaning "north language," applied to other
Wintun groups and to some foreign groups. Also called:
Kak'-wits, Yuki name, meaning "northern people."
Connections.- The Wailaki belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock and to the southern California group.
Location.- On Eel River from the Lassik territory to the Big
Bend, several affluents on the west side, Kekawaka Creek on the
east side, and the whole of the North Fork except the head.
Subdivisions and Village Communities
(in order of location)
On main Eel River:
Sehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side, Big Bend Creek to
McDonald Creek.
Ninkannich-kaiya, opposite Sehlchikyo-kaiya.
Nehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side downstream to the mouth
of North Fork.
Sehlchikyo-kaiya, on the east side downstream.
Tatisho-kaiya, on the west side opposite the mouth of North
Fork.
Bas-kaiya, on the east side below Sehlchikyo-kaiya.
Sla-kaiya, on the east side below Bas-kaiya.
Chisko-kaiya, on the east side below Sla-kaiya.
Seta-kaiya, on the west side below Tatisho-kaiya.
Kaikiche-kaiyn, on the west side below Seta-kaiya.
Dahlso-kaiya, Set'ahlchicho-kaiya, K'andang-kaiya- in order
downstream on the west side.
Ihikodang-kaiya, on the west side below Chisko-kaiya.
Kasnaikot-kaiya, on the east side at the mouth of Kakawaka Creek.
On the lower part of North Fork:
Setandong-kiyahang, Secho-kiyahang, Kaiye-kiyahang- in order
upstream.
Higher up North Fork:
T'odannang-kiyahang, on the North Fork below Hull Creek.
T'okyah-kiyahang, upstream on North Fork.
Chokot-kiyahang, on and above Red Mountain Creek.
Ch'i'ankot-kiyahang, on Jesus Creek.
Population.- The Wailaki were estimated by Kroeber (1925) as
1,000 about 1770; they were given as 227 in the census of 1910.
(See Bear River Indians.)
Wappo. - An Americanization of Spanish Guapo. "brave," given them
on account of their stubborn resistance to Spanish military
aggression. Also called:
Ash-o-chl-mi, a name given by Powers (1877).
Soteomellos or Sotomieyos, names given by Taylor (1860-63).
Connections.- The Wappo language constituted a very divergent
form of speech of the Yukian linguistic family.
Location.- On the headwaters of Napa River and Pope and Putah
Creeks, and a stretch of Russian River.
Subdivisions and Villages
Following are their dialectic divisions and the villages in each,
the names in italic being principal towns in as many village
communities:
Southern Wappo:
Anakota-noma, at St. Helena.
Kaimus, at Yountville.
Tsemanoma, northeast of St. Helena.
Wilikos, near the head of Sonoma Creek.
Central Wappo:
Maiyalcama, south of Calistoga.
Melka'wa-hotsa-noma, at site of Middletown-Driver.
Mutistul, between the Napa River and Russian River drainage.
Nihlektsonoma, north of Calistoga.
Tselmenan, north of Calistoga.
Northern Wappo:
Lok-noma, northeast of Middletown.
Petinoma, north of Middletown.
Uyuhanoma, east of Middletown.
Western Wappo:
Ashaben, near Lytton.
Gayechin, near Lytton.
Hol-tcu'kolo, location unknown.
Koloko, on Russian River below Geyserville.
Malalachahl, at Lytton.
Nets-tul, northeast of Tsimitu-tsonoma.
Oso'yuk-eju, west of Russian River and southeast of
Geyserville.
Owotel-peti, east of Tsimitutsonoma.
Pipoholma, on Russian River below Geyerville.
Shei-kana, location unknown.
Shimela, on Russian River below Geyserville.
Tsi'mitu-tso-noma, on the east bank of Russian River some
miles below Geyserville.
Tekenan-tso-noma, near Geysers in Sulphur Creek drainage.
Unuts'wa-holma-noma, north of Tsitmitu-tso-noma.
Lile'ek Wappo:
Daladan, on Cole Creek.
Kabetsawam, on Cole Creek.
Driver (1939) adds the following names of camp sites, presumably
in the country of the Western Wappo: Halish-wahuk-holma,
Ho'lko-mota, Hut-mitul, Nuya-hotsa, Tcano-nayuk, Ts'awo-tul,
Tikomota, Walma-pesite.
Population.- Kroeber (1925) estimates 1,000 Wappo in 1770 as a
maximum; the census of 1910 returned 73. (See Yuki.)
Washo. The range, of this tribe extended over considerable
Californian territory about the angle in the eastern boundary line
of the State. (See Nevada.)
Whilkut. From Hupa Hoilkut-hoi. Also called:
Redwood Indians, the popular name for them.
Connections.- The Whilkut belonged to the Hupa dialectic group of
the Athapascan linguistic family.
Location.- On the upper part of Redwood Creek above the Chilula
Indians and Mad River, except in its lowest course, up to the
vicinity of Iaqua Butte.
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates about 500 Whilkut in
aboriginal times; the census of 1910 returned 50 full-bloods and
some mixed-bloods.
Wintu. The native word meaning "people."
For synonyms see Wintun.
Connections.- The Wintu were the northern-most division of the
Copehan stock of Powell, later called Wintun by Kroeber (1932)
and now regarded as part of the Penutian family.
Location.- In the valleys of the upper Sacramento and upper
Trinity Rivers north of Cottonwood Creek and extending from Cow
Creek on the east to the South Fork of the Trinity on the west.
Subdivisions
(As given by Du Bois (1935) but placing the native name first)
Dau-nom, "in-front-of-west" (Bald Hills), a flat valley area at
the foot of the hills south of Reading and east of the coastal
range.
Dau-pom, "in-front-of-place" (Stillwater), comprising the plateau
to the north of Reading.
Elpom, "shore place" (Keswick), extending from a point somewhat
south of Kennett on the Sacramento chiefly along the west bank
southward almost to Reading, and including the former Indian
settlements around the mining town of Old Shasta.
EIayfork Wintu, on the Hayfork branch of Trinity River and on
Trinity River about Junction City, extending also from about
Middletown westward to the South Fork of the Trinity.
Klabalpom (French Gulch), on the upper reaches of Clear Creek.
Nomsus, "west-dwelling" (Upper Trinity), on the East Fork of
Trinity River and Trinity River proper as far south as Lewiston.
Nomtipom, "west-hillside-place" (Upper Sacramento), along the
precipitous reaches of the upper Sacramento above Kennett.
Waimuk, "north inhabitant(?)," in the narrow valley of the upper
McCloud River.
Winimen, "middle-water" (McCloud), in the McCloud and lower Pit
Valleys. Du Bois (1935) mentions Nomkentcau and Nomkali as two
villages in Watson Gulch.
Population.- (See Wintun.)
Wintun. The word for "people" in the northern Wintun dialects.
Also called:
Wawah, Mono name for all Sacramento River tribes, meaning
"strangera"
Xatukwiwa, Shasta name for a Wintun Indian.
Connections.- The Wintun were formerly considered a part of
Powell's Copehan stock and the Wintun of Kroeber (1932) but are
now placed in the Penutian family.
Location.- On the west side of the Sacramento Valley from the
river up to the coast range, but falling short of this in spots
and extending beyond it in others, and from Cottonwood Creek on
the north to about the latitude of Afton and Stonyford on the
south.
Wintun Tribelets
(Generally south to north)
Dahchi'mchini-sel, in a village called Dahchi'mchini (upstream of
Brisco Creek and 4 miles above Elk Creek).
Toba, reported by Barrett (1919) as a town at the mouth of Brisco
Creek.
A tribelet probably located at Tolokai or Doloke (at the mouth of
Elk Creek).
Pomtididi-sel, at the village of Pomtididi (where Grindstone
Creek enters Stony Creek).
A tribelet at a village called Kalaicl ton the North Fork of
Stony Creek) .
Soninmnk (at a "butte" named Son-pom down Stony Creek).
Pelti-kewel (reported north of preceding by one informant).
A tribelet at the villages of Sohu's-labe (3 or 4 miles south of
Fruto) and Nome'l-mim-labe (2 or 3 miles farther south still).
Nom-kewel or Nom-laka, with their village, Lo-pom (south of
Thomas Creek).
Walti-kewel, with villages called Noitikel, Kenkopol, and
Snipsnti (close together on the north side of Thomas Creek below
Nom-kewel).
Olwenem-wintun, at O'lwenem (near the mouth of Thomas, Creek on
the Sacramento).
A tribelet at Ml'tenek (at Squaw Hill Ferry).
Pelmem-we, at Pelmem (near Vina and the mouth of Deer Creek).
Tehemet, (at Tehama).
Da-mak (where Redbank Creek comes in below Red Bluff).
Wai-kenwel (on Elder Creek).
A tribelet at Chuidau (on the South Fork of Cottonwood Creek).
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates 12,000 Wintun in 1770 and
about 1,000 in 1910. The census of 1930 returned 512 Wintun,
Wintu, and Wappo.
Wiyot. Properly the name of one of the three Wiyot districts but
extended by most of their neighbors over the whole people. Also
called:
Dilwishne, Sinkyone name.
Humboldt Bay Indians, popular term.
Sulatelik, used by the Wiyot to designate their language,
and approaching a tribal designation in its usage.
Wishosk, probably a misapplication of the Wiyot name for
their Athapascan neighbors.
Connections.- In the Powellian classification the Wiyot were
given an independent position as the Wishoskan stock. Later
California investigators combined them with the Yurok under the
narne Ritwan but still later believed that they had established a
relationship between them and the great Algonquian family of the
east. This allocation is, however, questioned by other
ethnologists.
Location.- On lower Mad River, Humboldt Bay, and lower Eel River.
Subdivisions
Batavrnt, on lower Mad River.
Wiki, on Humboldt Bay.
Wiyot, on lower Eel River.
Villages
Bimire, on the lower part of Humboldt Bay.
Dakduwaka, or Hiluwitl(?), on the southern point at the entrance
to Humholdt Bay.
Dakwagerawakw, on Eel River.
Dulawat, on an island in Humboldt Bay.
Hakitege (?), at the junction of Eel and Van Duzen Rivers.
Ho'ket (?), near the mouth of Eel River.
Kachewinach (?), on Mad River.
Kotsir (?), at the northern end of Humboldt Bay.
Kumaidada, on Freshwater Creek.
Legetku (?), at the southern end of Humboldt Bay.
hIa'awor, Yurok name; at the mouth of Mad River.
Osok, Yurok name; on Mad River,
Potitlik, Cherokigechk, of Pletswak (?), opposite the entrance of
Humholdt Bay.
Tabagaukwa (?), at the mouth of Mad River.
Tabayat or Witki (?), on Humboldt Bay.
Tokelomigimitl (?), north of Humboldt Bay.
Watsayeriditl (?), on Eel River.
We'tso (?), on the south side of Mad River.
Wuktlakw (?), on the north side of Eel River.
Yacbwanawach, at the end of Humboldt Bay.
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates 1,000 Wiyot in 1770 and 100
in 1910. The census of 1930 gives 236 but probably includes
Indians of other connections.
Yahi. Meaning "person" in their own language.
Connections.- The Yahi constituted the southernmost group of the
Yanan division of the Hokan linguistic stock.
Location.- On Mill and Deer Creeks.
Villages
Bushkuina, Tolochuaweyu, and Tuliyani were on or near Mill Creek;
Bopmayhuwi, Gahma, K'andjauha, Puhiya, and Yisch'inna on or near
Deer Creek.
Population.- Included in the Yana (q. v.).
Yana. Meaning "person" in their own language. Also called:
Kom'-bo, Maidu name.
No-si or No-zi, a name given by Powers (1877).
Tisaiqdji, Ilmawi name.
Connections.- The Yana are originally considered an independent
linguistic stock but are now placed in the larger Hokan family.
Location.- Including the Yahi, the Yana extended from Pit River
to Rock Creek, and from the edge of the upper Sacramento Valley
to the headwaters of the eastern tributaries of Sacramento River.
Subdivisions
Aside from the Yahi (q. v.), they embraced three dialectic
subdivisions, a northern (on the drainage of Montgomery Creek
into Pit River and that of Cedar Creek, an affluent of Little
Crow Creek), a central (the entire Cow Creek drainage and Bear
Creek), and a southern (on Battle, Payne, and Antelope Creeks and
one or two smaller streams).
Villages
Northern Division:
Djewintaurik'u, south of Montgomery
Djitpamauwid'u, on Cedar Creek.
K'asip'u, south of Round Mountain.
Central Division:
Badjiyu, on Clover Creek.
Ban'ha, inland between the two forks of Cow Creek.
Djichitpemauna, on Bear Creek.
Hamedamen, at Millville.
Haudulimauna, near the South Fork of Cow Creek.
Hodjinimauna, on the North Fork of Bear Creek.
Luwaiha, on Old Cow Creek.
Pawi, on Clover Creek.
Pulsu'aina, near the North Fork of Cow Creek.
Ship'a, between Little Cow Creek and Oak Run.
Unchunaha, between the North Fork of Cow Creek and Clover
Creek.
Wamarawi, west of Shingletown.
Wichuman'na, on the South Fork of Cow Creek.
Southern Division:
K'uwiha, on Battle Creek.
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates 1,500 Yana in 1770
including the Yahi, and states that there are less than 40 full-
and mixed-bloods today, all of the Northern and Central
Divisions. Only 9 appear under the head of Yanan in the census of
1930.
Yokuts. The name for "person," or "people," in many of the
dialects of the group. Also called:
Mariposan, a name derived from Mariposa County, and applied
to the stock to which these people were originally assigned by
Powell.
Noche, a name used by Garces in 1775-76 (1900).
Connections.- The Yokuts were originally considered a distinct
linguistic family but have now been made a part of the large
Penutian stock.
Location.- On the entire floor of San Joaquin Valley from the
mouth of San Joaquin River to the foot of Tehachapi, and the
adjacent lower slopes or foothills of the Sierra Nevada, up to an
altitude of a few thousand feet, from Fresno River south.
Subdivisions and Villages
These were as follows:
Buena Vista Group:
Tulamni (on Buena Vista Lake), including thc villages of
Tulamniu (on the west or northwest shore of the lake), and
Wogitiu (at McKittrick).
Hometwoli or Humetwadi (on Kern Lake), including the
villages of Halau (near the entrance of Kern River into the
channel connecting Kern and Buena Vista lakes).
Loasau (somewhere on the north side of Kern Lake), and
Sihetal Daal or Pohalin Tinliu (on the south shore).
Tuhohi, Tohohai, or Tuohayi (among the channels and tule-
lined slooghs of lower Kern River, perhaps ranging as far as
Grass Lake), including the village of Tahayu (location unknown).
Poso Creek Group:
Paleuyami, Padeuyami, Peleuyi, or Paluyam (on Poso Creek and
neighboring parts of Kern River), including the villages of Altau
(just south of Poso Creek), Bekiu (in Poso Flat), Shikidapau (in
Poso Flat), Holmiu (in Linn's Valley) and Kumachisi, Kornechcsi,
Komctsicsi, or Kumachesi (centered about Eloschiu on White
River), including the villages of Hoschiu (on White River), and
Kelsiu (just south of White River).
Tule-Kau enh Group:
Yaudanchi, Yaulanchi, or Nutaa (Tule River in the foothills
especially the North and Middle Forks), including the villages of
Shawahtau (above Springville), and Ukun'ui (above Daunt), and
perhaps Uchiyingetau (at the painted rocks).
Bokninuwad, or Bokninwal (on Deer Creek in the foothills),
including Keyau (near the valley), and perhaps Hoin Tinliu (not
far from Deer Creek Hot Springs, though this may have been
Bankalnchi), and Uchiyingetau (see above).
Wuchamni, Wikchamni, or Wikchomni (on Kaweah River and the
adjacent hills).
Yokod or Yokol (west of the latter and south of Kaweah
River), their principal village being on a flat near Kaweah
Railroad Station, and on the south side of Kaweah River, north of
Exeter.
Gawia or Kawia (on the north side of Kaweah River),
including a settlement on the north side of Kaweah River and
Ghidepuish (at Calvin Hill on Big Dry or Rattlesnake Creek).
Kings River Group:
Choinimni (on Kings River), including the village of
Tishechu (on the south side of Kings River at the mouth of Mill
Creek).
Michahai (on Mill Creek), including the village of Hehshinau
(on the north side of the stream on a flat at the foot of the
pine covered ridge).
Chukaimina (in Squaw Valley on a small southern affluent of
Mill Creek), including the villages of Dochiu (at the north side
of the valley), and Mashtinau (on the east side of the valley).
Toihicha (below the Choinimni on the north side of Kings
River), including the villages of Tanaiu (at Hughes Creek), and
Bochiptau (location uncertain).
Aiticha (farther down Kings River on the south side),
including the village of K'ipayu (somewhat nearer Centerville
than to Tishechu).
Kocheyali (location and even existence uncertain as the name
is given as a synonym for the last).
Gashowu (on Big Dry Creek and Little Dry Creek), including
the villages of Pohoniu (below Letcher on Big Dry Creek), Yokau
(on Auberry Valley on Little Dry Creek), and Ochopou (possibly
belonging to the Kechayi).
Northern Group of the Foothill Division:
Toltichi (the Yokuts tribe farthest up the San Joaquin,
possibly Mono), including the village of Tsopotipau (at the
electric power site on the large bend of the river below the
entrance of the North Fork).
Kechayi (holding the south bank of the San Joaquin for some
miles above Millerton), including Kochoyu and Kowichkowicho
(farther up).
Dumna (on the north side of the San Joaquin about opposite
the Kechayi), including the village of Dinishneu (at Belleville).
Dalinchi (on Fine Gold Creek), including the villages of
Moloneu (on this creek), and Dalinau (over the divide in the
Coarse Gold Creek drainage).
Chukchansi, Shukshansi, or Shukshanchi (on Coarse Gold Creek
and the head of Cottonwood Creek), including the villages of
Hapasau (near Fresno Flats), Chukchanau or Suksanau (well up on
Fresno River), Tsuloniu (near the headwaters of Coarse Gold
Creek), Kowoniu or Kohoniu (on Picayune Creek), Kataniu (the
present Picayune rancheria), and Ch'eyau (on Cottonwood Creek
near Bates).
Southern Group of the Valley Division:
Yauelmani (a strip of territory between Tejon Ranch on Paso
Creek and Poso Creek), including the villages of Tinliu (below
the Tejon Ranch House), Woilo (at Bakersfield), K'ono-ilkin (on
Kern River), Shoko (on Kern River), but Shoko and K'ono-ilkin
were shared, however, with the Paleuyami, so that it is not known
which claimed ownership.
Tsineuhiu (a short distance above Bakersfield on Kern
River), and Kuyo (on a channel draining toward Kern Lake), and
the people of this subdivision also lived at times at Hoschiu on
White River and at Chididiknawasi (in the Deer Creek country).
Koyeti (on lower Tule River from Porterville down),
including the village of Chokowisho (Porterville).
Choinok (probably on Deep and Outside Channels of Kaweah
River), including the village of Ch'iuta (somewhere south of
Tulare).
Wo'lasi or Wo'ladji (at and below Farmersville, perhaps on
Cameron channel).
Telamni (at Visalia and Goshen), including the village of
Waitatshulul (about 7 miles north of Tulare City).
Wechihit (about Sanger on lower Kings River), including the
village of Musahau (in the low bottoms opposite Sanger), and
perhaps Wewayo (on Wahtoke Creek) although this latter was rather
a kind of no-man's-land.
Nutunutu (south of lower Kings River), including the
villages of Chiau (a little south of Kingston), and Hibek'ia
(location uncertain).
Wimilchi (on the north side of lower Kings River),
including the town of Ugona (southwest of Kingston).
Wowol (on the southeastern shores of Tulare Lake), including
the village of Sukuwutnu or Dulau (on an island off the eastern
shore of the lake).
Chunut (the Tulare Lake shore in the Kaweah Delta region),
including the villages of Miketsiu and Chuntau which cannot be
definitely located.
Tachi (the tract from northern Tulare Lake and its inlet or
outlet Fish Slough west to the Mount Diablo chain of the Coast
Range), including the villages of Udjiu (downstream from
Coalinga), Walna (where the western hills approach the lake),
Colon (Huron), Chi (west of Heinlen), and Waiu (on Mussel
Slough).
Apiachi (north of Kings River and east of its outlet
slough), including the village of Wohui (beyond Telweyit or
Summit Lake, in the direction of Elkhorn).
Northern Group of the Valley Division:
Pitkachi or Pitkati (on the south side of the San Joaquin),
including the villages of Kohuou (near Herndon or Sycamore),
Weshiu (on a slough), and Gawachiu (still farther downstream).
Wakichi (on the south side of San Joaquin River above the
last), including the village of Holowichniu (near Millerton).
Hoyima (on the north side of the San Joaquin opposite the
Pitkachi), including the villages of K'eliutanau (on a creek
entering the San Joaquin from the north), and Moyoliu (above the
mouth of Little Dry Creek).
Heuchi (on Fresno River at least on its north side),
including the village of Ch'ekayu (on Fresno River 4 miles below
Madera).
Chauchila or Chaushila, or Toholo (on the several channels
of Chauchilla River), including a village at Shehamniu (on
Chowchilla River apparently at the edge of the plains some miles
below Buchanan), and perhaps Halau (near Berenda), although this
may have been Heuchi.
Nupchinche or Noptinte (not located).
Tawalimnu (probably on Tuolumne River).
Lakisamni (perhaps about Takin rancheria at Dents of Knights
Ferry on the Stanislaus River).
Siakumne (location uncertain).
Hannesuk (location uncertain).
Coconoon (on Merced River).
Chulamni (about Stockton, their territory extending at least
some miles down the San Joaquin and up the Calaveras, and
possibly as far west as Mount Diablo), including the villages of
Yachik and Wana (both near Stockton).
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates, 18,000 Yokuts in 1770 and
600 in 1910, based on the census report of 533. The census of
1930 returned 1,145.
Yuki. Derived from the Wintun language and meaning "stranger," or
"foe." Also called:
Chu-mai-a, Pomo name.
Noam-kekhl, Wintun name, meaning "west dwelling," or
"western tribe."
Connections.- The Yuki constituted an independent stock called
Yukian.
Location.- All the land lying in the drainage of Eel River above
the North Fork, except for a stretch on South Eel River where the
allied Huchmom were situated.
Subdivisions
Huititno'm, on the South Fork of Middle Eel River.
Onkolukomno'm, from the forks of the South Eel River to their
sources.
Sukshaltatano'm, on the North Fork of Middle Eel River.
Ta'no'm, on main Eel River.
Ukomno'm, about Round Valley on the north side of Middle Fork.
Utitno'm, about the forks made by the Middle and South Eel
Rivers.
Witukomno'm, on the south side of Middle Eel River, especially on
its branches.
Villages
The following villages constituted a group in the northern
portion of Round Valley west of the agency: Chochhanuk,
Mameshishmo U'wit, Hake, Son, and there were still others whose
names have been forgotten.
There was another group in the northern part of Round Valley east
of the agency and northeast over the hills to include Williams
Valley: Pomo, in Round Valley, and, in successive order upstream
in Williams Valley, Mo't-huyup, Kilikot, Lelhaksi, Nonakak,
Yukuu-askal, Moyi.
A third group was in the northeastern, corner of Round Valley and
eastward to Middle Eel River, as follows: Titwa or Onans,
Sonkash, Molkus, (all in Round Valley), and other villages east
of the valley toward the river, whose names and sites are not
known.
The names of six subdivisions of the Ta'no'm are known:
Kichilpitno'm, Kashansichno'm, Pomahanno'm, Mantno'm,
Hanchhotno'm, and Ulsmolno'm, Probably these corresponded to the
Ukonno'm groups. Names of places are:
Kashansich, Pomahan, and Hanchhot.
The following names belong to settlements or communities in
various parts of the Yuki territory:
Alniukino'm, in the northwest part of Round Valley.
K'ilikuno'm, in the north or lower end of Eden Valley.
Witukomno'm, a village near the head of Eden Valley.
Sukano'm, Sonlanlno'm, Chakomno'm, and Chahelilno'm- names of
parts of a group of unknown designation, between the Ukomno'm and
the Witakomno'm.
Liltamno'm and Nonlachno'm (perhaps synonymous), at Bluenose
north or northeast of Round Valley.
Ukachimno'm, in Poorman's Valley, northeast of Round Valley.
Shipimanino'm and Kichilukomno'm, in Williams Valley; one of
these may be the name of the second group given above, in Round
Valley.
Manlchalno'm, at one of the heads of Middle Eel River.
Onkolukomno'm, in Gravelly Valley near Hullville.
Hunkalich, a village near Hullville.
Matamno'm, a group perhaps belonging to the Witukomno'm division.
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates 2,000 Yuki in 1770; the
census of 1910 returned 95, and that of 1930, 177, including the
Yuki, Coast Yuki, and Huchnom.
Yuki, Coast; or Ukhotno'm. (See Yuki.) The second name is applied
to them by the interior Yuki, signifying "ocean people."
Connections.- The Coast Yuki believe themselves to be an offshoot
from the Huchnom but linguistic examination seems to place them
near the Yuki.
Location.- The Pacific coast from Cleone to a point halfway
between Rockport and Usal and inland to the divide between the
coast streams and Eel River.
Villages
These have not been recorded but the following places were
probably inhabited:
On the coast from north to south:
On-chil-ka or On-chil-em, beyond Rockport.
Es'im, at Rockport or Hardy Creek.
Melhom-i'iken (Warren Creek).
Hisimel-auhkem (the next creek).
Lil-p'in-kem (De Haven).
Shipep or Shipoi (Westport).
K'etim, Chetman Gulch.
Lilim, Mussel Rock.
Ok'omet or Shipoi, Kabesilah.
Methuyak-olselem (the creek north of Ten Mile River).
Metkuyaki or Metknyakem (the mouth of Ten Mile River and
also the river).
Mil-hot-em (Cleone).
Sus-mel-im, at the mouth of Pudding Crcck.
Ol-hepech-kem (Noyo River).
Nehkinmelem (Casper).
Onp'otilkei (in Sherwood Valley).
Ukemim (near Willits).
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates that in 1770 and 1850 there
were 500 Coast Yuki; the census of 1910 reported 15. (See Yuki.)
Yuma. This tribe extended into the extreme southeastern corner of
the State along the Colorado River. (See Arizona.)
Yurok. Signifying "downstream" in the language of the neighboring
Karok. Also called:
Kiruhikwak, by the Shasta of Salmon River.
Weitchpec, a name sometimes locally used, especially in Hupa
and Karok territory, to which Weichpec is at present the nearest
Yurok village.
Connections.- The Yurok were originally regarded as an
independent stock, later combined with the Wiyot into the Ritwan
family, and still later identified by Kroeber and Sapir as a part
of the great Algonquian family of the east. This last
identification has not, however, met with entire acceptance.
Location.- On the lower Klamath River and along the coast to the
north and south of it.
Subdivisions
Two dialects differing but little from each other may be
distinguished; one spoken in the southernmost coast section, the
districts of the Big Lagoon and Trinidad; the other, in the
remainder of Yurok territory.
Villages
Ayotl, above the mouth of Blue Creek.
Erner, at the mouth of Blue Creek.
Ertlerger, at the mouth of Trinity River on the west side.
Espnu, on the coast north of Redwood Greek.
Hergwer, on Stone Lagoon.
Himetl, on the north side of Klamath River.
Ho'pau, on Klamath River a few miles from the coast.
Keihkem, 2 towns: (1) on Big Lagoon; (2) on the north side of
Klamath River.
Kenek, on the south side of Klamath River.
Kenelkpul, on the south side of Klamath River, a short distance
below Kenek.
Kepel, on the north side of Klamath River.
Ko'otep, on the north side of Klamath River.
Lo'olego, on the north side of Klamath River above the mouth of
the Trinity.
Ma'ats, on Big Lagoon.
Merip, on the north bank of Klamath River.
Meta, on the south or west bank of Klamath River.
Metsk on, at the mouth of Little River.
Murekw, on the north bank of Klamath River.
Nagetl, on the south or west side of Klamath River opposite the
mouth of Blue Creek.
Nohtskum, on the south bank of Klamath River.
Omen, on the coast north of Klamath River.
Omenhipur, on the coast north of Klamath River.
Opyuweg, between Big Lagoon and the coast.
Orau, on Redwood Creek.
Orekw, on the south side of Redwood Creek at its mouth.
Osegen, on the coast south of Klamath River.
Oslokw, on thc east side of Big Lagoon.
Otmekwor, on the north side of the mouth of Redwood Creek.
Otsepor, on the south side of Klamath River below the mouth of
Bluff Creek.
Otwego, on the south side of Klamath River near its mouth.
Pa'ar, near the north end of Big Lagoon.
Pekwan, on the north side of Klamath River.
Pekwututl, on the south side of Klamath River at the mouth of the
Trinity.
Rekwoi, on the north side of the mouth of Klamath River.
Sa'a, on the south side of Klamath River.
Sa'aitl, on the north side of Klamath River some miles above its
mouth.
Serper, on the north side of Klamath River.
Sregon, on the north or east side of Klamath River.
Tlemekwetl, on the north side of Klamnth River below Blue Creek.
Tmeri, just below Requa.
Tsahpekw, on the west side of Stone Lagoon.
Tsetskwi, on the north or east side of Klamath River.
Tsotskwi, near the south end of Stone Lagoon.
Tsurau, near Trinidad.
Turip, on the south side of Klamath River a few miles from the
coast.
Wa'asel, on the north side of Klamath River.
Wahsekw, on the north or east side of Klamath River below
Weitchpeg.
Weitspus, opposite the mouth of Trinity River.
Wetlkwau, on the south side of the mouth of Klamath River.
Wohkel, on the south side of Klamath River a short distance above
its mouth.
Wohkero, on the north side of Klamath River.
Wohtek, close to the preceding.
Yohter, on the south or west side of Klamath River.
Population.- Kroeber (1932) estimates 2,500 Yurok in 1770; the
census of 1910 returned 668, and that of 1930, 471.
Colorado -
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Apache. A number of the Apache bands extended their raids from
time to time over the territory of what is now Colorado, but only
one of them, the Jicarilla, may be said to have been permanent
occupants of any part of the State within the historic period.
This tribe is considered under the name Jicarilla below; for an
account of the other Apache tribes except the Lipan, see New
Mexico. The Lipan are treated under Texas.
Arapaho. The Arapaho hunted and warred over parts of eastern
Colorado. (See Wyoming.)
Bannock. This tribe and the Shoshoni roamed over the extreme
northwestern corner of the State. (See Idaho.)
Cheyenne. The same may be said of the Cheyenne as of the Arapaho.
(See South Dakota.)
Comanche. Like the Arapaho and Cheyenne, this tribe hunted and
warred in the eastern parts of the State. (See Texas.)
Jicarilla. A Mexican Spanish word, meaning "little basket," given
to the tribe on account of the expertness of Jicarilla women in
making baskets. Also called:
Be'-xai, or Pex'-ge, Navaho name.
Kinya-inde, Mescalero name.
Keop-tagui, Kiowa name, signifying "mountain Apache."
Pi'-ke-e-wai-i-ne, Picuris name.
Tan-nah-shis-en, by Yarrow (1879) and signifying "men of the
woodland."
Tashi'ne, Mescalero name.
Tinde, own name.
Tu-sa-be', Tesuque name
Connections - The Jicarilla were one of the so-called Apache
tribes, all of which belonged to the great Athapascan linguistic
stock, but with the Lipan (see Texas) constituted a group
distinct from the Apache proper. (See New Mexico.)
Location - Within historic times the homes of the Jicarilla have
been in southeastern Colorado and northern New Mexico, though
they have ranged into the adjacent parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and
Texas.
Subdivisions
Mooney (1928) gives the following:
Apatsiltlizhihi, who claim the district of Mora, N. Mex.
Dachizhozhin, original home around the present Jicarilla
Reservation, N. Mex.
Golkahin, claiming a former home south of Taos Pueblo, N.
Mex.
Ketsilind, claiming a former home south of Taos Pueblo, N.
Mex.
Saitinde, claiming the vicinity of present Espanola, N.
Mex., as their original home.
History - There is little doubt that the Jicarilla traveled
southward at no very remote period from among the Athapascan
tribes in northwestern Canada, very likely by way of the eastern
flanks of the Rocky Mountains. They were probably among the
Querechos met by Coronado in 1540-42, the same people known to
the later Spanish explorers as Vaqueros. They first received
mention under their own name early in the eighteenth century. In
1733 a Spanish mission was established for them near Taos, N.
Mex., but it did not last long, and their relations with the
Spaniards were generally hostile. In 1853 the governor of New
Mexico induced 250 of the tribe to settle on the Puerco River,
but failure to ratify the treaty he had made with them caused
them to go on the warpath, and they continued hostile until their
defeat by United States troops in 1854. In 1870 they resided on
the Maxwell grant in northeastern New Mexico, but the sale of it
necessitated their removal. In 1872 and again in 1873 attempts
were made to move them to Fort Stanton, but most of them were
permitted to go to the Tierra Amarilla, on the northern confines
of the territory, on a reservation of 900 square miles set aside
in 1874. Their annuities having been suspended in 1878 on account
of their refusal to move southward in accordance with an Act of
Congress of that year, they resorted to thieving. In 1880 thc Act
of 1878 was repealed, and a new reservation was set aside on the
Navajo River, to which they were removed. Here they remained
until 1883, when they were transferred to Fort Stanton. On
February 11, 1887, however, a reservation was set aside for them
in the Tierra Amarilla region by Executive Order. They removed to
this territory and there they have now been allotted land in
severalty.
Population - Mooney (1928) estimated that there were about 800
Jicarilla in 1845. In 1905 they numbered 795; according to the
Census of 1910, there were 694; the Report of the United States
Indian Office for 1923 gave 608, and that for 1937, 714.
Connection in which they have become noted - The name Jicarilla
is given to mountains and a post village in Lincoln County, N.
Mex.
Kiowa. Like the Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Comanche, the Kiowa
formerly hunted and warred across parts of eastern Colorado.
(See Oklahoma.)
Kiowa Apache. This tribe always accompanied the Kiowa. (See
Oklahoma.)
Navaho. The Navaho lived just south of the Colorado boundary,
entering that State only occasionally. (See New Mexico.)
Pueblos. Most of the Pueblo tribes trace their origin to some
place in the north and there is no doubt that the ancestors of
many of them lived in what are now the pueblo and cliff ruins of
Colorado. In historic times the principal dealings of Colorado
Indians with the Pueblos have been with the Pueblo of Taos, which
was once a trading point of importance. Many of its people
intermarried with the Ute. (See New Mexico.)
Shoshoni. Together with the Bannock, the Shoshoni roamed over
the extreme northwestern part of Colorado. (See Idaho.)
Ute. The Ute formerly occupied the entire central and western
portions of Colorado. (See Utah.)
Connecticut -
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Mahican. The northwestern corner of Litchfield County was
occupied by the Wawyachtonoc, a tribe of the Mahican Confederacy
of the upper Hudson, though their main seats were in Columbia and
Dutchess Counties, N. Y. (See New York.)
Mohegan. The name means "wolf." They are not to be confused with
the Mahican. Also called:
River Indians.
Seaside People.
Unkus [Uncas] Indians, from the name of their chief.
Upland Indians.
Connections.- The Mohegan belonged to the Algonquian linguistic
stock and spoke a y-dialect closely related to Pequot.
Location.- The Mohegan originally occupied most of the upper
valley of the Thames and its branches. Later they claimed
authority over some of the Nipmuc and the Connecticut River
tribes, and in the old Pequot territory. (See also New York.)
Villages
Ashowat, between Amston and Federal.
Catantaquck, near the head of Pachaug River.
Checapscaddock, southeast of the mouth of Shetucket River in the
town of Preston.
Kitemaug, on the west wide of Thames River between Uncasville and
Massapeag.
Mamaquaog, on Natchaug River northeast of Willimantic.
Mashantackack, near Palmertown, town of Montville.
Massapeag, at the place now so-called on the west side of Thames
River.
Mohegan, at the present town of Mohegan on the west side of
Thames River.
Moosup, at the present Moosup in the town of Plainfield.
Nawhesetuck, on Fenton River north of Willimantic.
Pachaug, at the present Pachaug in the town of Griswold.
Paugwonk, near Gardiner Lake in the town of Salem.
Pautexet, near the present Jewett City in the town of Griswold.
Pigscomsuck, on the right bank of Quinebaug River near the
present line between New London and Windham Counties.
Poquechanneeg, near Lebanon.
Poquechanock, near Trading Cove, town of Preston.
Shantuck, on the west side of Thames River just north of Mohegan.
Showtucket or Shetucket, near Lisbon in the fork of the Shetucket
and Quinebaug Rivers.
Wauregan, on the east side of Quinebaug River in the town of
Plainfield.
Willimantic, on the site of the present city of Willimantic.
Yantic, at the present Yantic on Yantic River.
History.- The Mohegan were probably a branch of the Mahican.
Originally under Sassacus, chief of the Pequot, they afterward
became independent and upon the destruction of the Pequot in
1637, Uncas, the Mohegan chief, became ruler also of the
remaining Pequot and set up pretensions to territory north and
west beyond his original borders. At the end of King Philip's
War, the Mohegan were the only important tribe remaining in
southern New England, but as the White settlements advanced they
were reduced progressively both in territory and in numbers. Many
joined the Scaticook, and in 1788 a still larger body united with
the Brotherton in New York, where they formed the largest single
element in the new settlement. The rest continued in their old
town at Mohegan, where a remnant of mixed-bloods still survives.
Population.- The number of Mohegan were estimated by Mooney
(1928) at 2,200 in 1600; in 1643, including the remnant of the
Pequot and perhaps other tribes, at between 2,000 and 2,500. In
1705 they numbered 750; in 1774, 206 were reported; in 1804, 84;
in 1809, 69; in 1825, 300; in 1832, about 360; in 1910, 22.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Mohegan became
celebrated on account of the services rendered the Whites by
Uncas. Today their name is perpetuated in Mohegan, on Thames
River, and the name of their chief in Uncasville on the same
stream. There is a post village of this name in McDowell County,
W. Va., and a Mohegan Lake in Westchester County, N. Y., but this
is named after the Mahican.
Niantic, Western. Regarding the name, see Niantic, Eastern, under
Rhode Island.
Connections.- These were the same as for the Eastern Niantic.
(See Rhode Island.)
Location.- On the seacoast from Niantic Bay to Connecticut River.
Villages
Niantic or Nehantucket, near the present town of Niantic. There
was another near Old Lyme.
History.- Originally the Western Niantic are thought to have
constituted one tribe with the Eastern Niantic and to have been
cut apart from them by the Pequot. They were nearly destroyed in
the Pequot war and at its close (1637) were placed under the
control of the Mohegan. About 1788 many joined the Brotherton
Indians. A small village of Niantic was reported as existing near
Danbury in 1809, but this perhaps contained remnants of the
tribes of western Connecticut, although Speck (1928) found
several Indians of mixed Niantic-Mohegan descent living with the
Mohegan remnant, descendants of a pure-blood Niantic woman from
the mouth of Niantic River.
Population. The Western Niantic population was estimated by
Mooney (1928) at 600 in 1600; there were about 100 in 1638; 85 in
1761.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The name of the
Western Niantic is perpetuated in Niantic village, Niantic River,
and Niantic Bay, in New London County. Post villages in Macon
County, Ill., and Montgomery County, Pa., bear the name Niantic.
Nipmuc. Some bands of this tribe extended into the northeastern
part of the State. (See Massachusetts.)
Pequot. The name means, according to Trumbull (1818),
"destroyers." Also called:
Sickenames, in a Dutch deed quoted by Ruttenber (1872).
Connections.- The Pequot belonged to the Algonquian linguistic
stock, and spoke a y-dialect closely related to Mohegan.
Location.- The Pequot occupied the coast of New London County
from Niantic River nearly to the Rhode Island State line. Until
driven out by the Narraganset, they extended into Rhode Island as
far as Wecapaug River. (See also Rhode Island.)
Villages
Asupsuck, in the interior of the town of Stonington.
Aukumbumsk or Awcumbuck, in the center of the Pequot country near
Gales Ferry.
Aushpook, at Stonington.
Cosattuck, probably near Stonington.
Cuppanaugunnit, probably in New London County.
Mangunckakuck, probably on Thames River below Mohegan.
Maushantuxet, at Ledyard.
Mystlc, near West Mystic on the west side of Mystic River.
Monhunganuck, near Beach Pond in the town of Voluntonn.
Nameaug, near New London.
Noank, at the present place of that name.
Oneco, at the place of that name in the town of Sterling.
Paupattokshick, on the lower course of Thames River.
Pawcatuck, probably on the river of the same name, Washington
County, R. I.
Pequotauk, near New London.
Poquonock, inland from Popuonock Bridge.
Sauquonckackock, on the west side of Thames River below Mohegan.
Shenecosset, near Midway in the town of Groton.
Tatuppequauog, on the Thames River below Mohegan.
Weinshauks, near Groton.
Wequetequock, on the east side of the river of the same name.
History.- The Pequot and the Mohegan arc supposed to have been
invaders from the direction of Hudson River. At the period of
first White contact, the Pequot were war-like and greatly dreaded
by their neighbors. They and the Mohegan were jointly ruled by
Sassacus until the revolt of Uncas, the Mohegan chief. (See
Mohegan.) About 1635 the Narraganset drove them from a corner of
the present Rhode Island which they had previously held, and 2
years later the murder of a trader who had treated some Indians
harshly involved the Pequot in war with the Whites. At that time
their chief controlled 26 subordinate chiefs, claimed authority
over all Connecticut east of Connecticut River, and on the coast
as far west as New Haven or Guilford, as well as all of Long
Island except the extreme western end. Through the influence of
Roger Williams, the English secured the assistance or neutrality
of the surrounding tribes. Next they surprised and destroyed the
principal Pequot fort near Mystic River along with 600 Indians of
all ages and both sexes, and this disaster crippled the tribe so
much that, after a few desperate attempts at further resistance,
they determined to separate into small parties and abandon the
country (1637). Sassacus and a considerable body of followers
were intercepted near Fairfield while trying to escape to the
Mohawk and almost all were killed or captured. Those who
surrendered were divided among the Mohegan, Narraganset, and
Niantic, and their territory passed under the authority of Uncas.
Their Indian overlords treated them so harshly, however, that
they were taken out of their hands by the colonists in 1655 and
settled in two villages near Mystic River, where some of their
descendants still live. Numbers removed to other places- Long
Island, New Haven, the Nipmuc country, and elsewhere- while many
were kept as slaves among the English in New England or sent to
the West Indies.
Population.- The Pequot population was estimated by Mooney (1928)
at 2,200 in 1600; in 1637, immediately after the Pequot war,
there were said to be 1,950, but the figure is probably too high.
In 1674 the Pequot in their old territory numbered about 1,500;
in 1762, 140. In 1832 there were said to be about 40 mixed-
bloods, but the census of 1910 gave 66, of whom 49 were in
Connecticut and 17 in Massachusetts.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Pequot are
remembered principally on account of the bitter and, to them,
disastrous war related above. The name is borne by a post village
in Crow Wing County, Minn.
Wappinger. The valley of Connecticut River was the home of a
number of bands which might be called Mattabesec after the name
of the most important of them, and this in turn was a part of the
Wappinger. (See New York.)
Delaware
- The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Delaware. The Unalachtigo division of the Delaware occupied all
of the northern parts of this State when it was first visited by
Europeans. (See New Jersey.)
Nanticoke. Bodies of Indians classed under this general heading
extended into the southern and western sections. Unalachtigo and
Nanticoke are two forms of the same word though, as
differentiated, they have been applied to distinct tribes. (See
Maryland.)
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