Alabama
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Abihka. see Creek Confederacy and Muskogee.
Alabama. Perhaps connected with the native word "albina," meaning
"to camp," or alba amo, "weed gatherer," referring to the black
drink. Also called:
Ma'-mo an-ya-di, or Ma'-mo han-ya, by the Biloxi.
Oke-choy-atte, given by Schoolcraft (1851-57), the name of
an Alabama town, Oktcaiutci.
Connections.- The Alabama language belonged to the southern
division of the Muskhogean stock, and was perhaps connected with
the tongues of the Muklasa and Tuskegee, which have not been
preserved. It was closely related to Koasati and more remotely to
Hitchiti and Choctaw.
Location.- The principal historic seat of this tribe was on the
upper course of Alabama River. (See also Florida, Louisiana,
Oklahoma, and Texas.)
Subdivisions
The Tawasa and Pawokti, which later formed two Alabama towns,
were originally independent tribes (See under Florida), though
the former, at least, was not properly Alabama. The same may have
been true of some other Alabama towns, though we have no proof of
the fact.
Villages - Besides the above:
Autauga, on the north bank of Alabama River about the mouth of
Autauga Creek in Autauga County.
Kanteati, on Alabama River about 3 miles above Montgomery and on
the same side.
Nitabauritz, on the north side of Alabama River west of the
confluence of the Alabama and Cahawba Rivers in Dallas County.
Okchayutci, in Benjamin Hawkins' time (about 1800) on the cast
bank of Coosa River between Tuakegee and the Muskogee town of
Otciapofa. (See Hawkins, 1848, 1916.)
Wetumpka, a branch village reported in 1761.
History.- Native tradition assigns the origin of the Alabama to a
point at the confluence of Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers, but we
seem to hear of the tribe first historically in what is now
northern Mississippi west of the Chickasaw country. This is in
the narratives of De Soto's chroniclers, which, however, do not
altogether agree, since one writer speaks of a province of the
name, two others bestow the designation upon a small village, and
only Garcilaso (1723), the least reliable, gives the title Fort
Alibamo to a stockade- west of the village above mentioned- where
the Spaniards had a severe combat. While this stockade was
probably held by Alabama Indians, there is no certainty that it
was. The next we hear of the tribe it is in its historic seats
above given. After the French had established themselves at
Mobile they became embroiled in some small affrays between the
Alabama and Mobile Indians, but peace was presently established
and thereafter the French and Alabama remained good friends as
long as French rule continued. This friendship was cemented in
1717 by the establishment of Fort Toulouse in the Alabama country
and the admission among them of one, or probably two, refugee
tribes, the Tawasa and Pawokti. (See Florida.) About 1763 a
movement toward the west began on the part of those Indians who
had become accustomed to French rule. Some Alabama joined the
Seminole in Florida. Others accompanied the Koasati to Tombigbee
River but soon returned to their own country. Still another body
went to Louisiana and settled on the banks of the Mississippi
River, where they were probably joined from time to time by more.
Later they advanced further toward the west and some are still
scattered in St. Landry and Calcasieu Parishes, but the greatest
single body finally reached Polk County, Tex., where they occupy
a piece of land set aside for them by the State. Those who
remained behind took a very prominent part in the Creek-American
War and lost all their land by the treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814,
being obliged to make new settlements between the Coosa and
Tallapoosa. They accompanied the rest of the Creeks to Oklahoma,
and their descendants are to he found there today, principally
about a little station bearing the name just south of Weleetka.
Population.- In 1702 Iberville (in Margry, 1875-86, vol. 4, p.
514) estimated that there were 400 families of Alabama in two
villages, and the English census of 1715 gives 214 men and a
total population of 770 in four villages. These figures must have
been exclusive of the Tawasa and Pawokti, which subsequent
estimates include. About 1730-40 there is an estimate of 400 men
in six towns. In 1792 the number of Alabama men is given as 60,
exclusive of 60 Tawasa, but as this last included Kantcati the
actual proportion of true Alabama was considerably greater.
Hawkins, in 1799, estimated 80 gunmen in four Alabama towns,
including Tawasa and Pawokti, but he does not include the
population of Okchaiyutci. (See Hawkins, 1848.) In 1832 only two
towns are entered which may be safely set down as Alabama, Tawasa
and Autauga, and these had a population of 321 besides 21 slaves.
The later figures given above do not include those Alabama who
had moved to Louisiana. In 1805 Sibley (1832) states there were
two villages in Louisiana with 70 men; in 1917 Morse (1822) gives
160 Alabama all told in Texas, but this is probably short of the
truth. In 1882 the United States Indian Office reported 290
Alabama, Koasati, and Muskogee in Texas, the larger number of
whom were probably Alabama. In 1900 the figure is raised to 470.
In 1910 a special agent from the Indian Office reported 192
Alabama alone. The census of 1910 gave 187 in Texas and 111 in
Louisiana, a total of 298. The 176 "Creek" Indians returned from
Polk County, Tex., in 1930, were mainly Alabama. The number of
Alabama in Oklahoma has never been separately reported.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Alabama attained
early literary fame from Garcilaso de la Vega's (1723)
description of the storming of "Fort Allbamo." Their later
notoriety has rested upon the fact that their name became
attached to Alabama River, and still more call its subsequent
adoption by the State of Alabama. A railroad station in Oklahoma
is named after them, and the term has been applied to places in
Genesee County, N. Y., and in Polk County, Wis. There is an
Alabama City in Stowah County, Ala., and Alabama in Madison
County, Ark.
Apalachee. A part of this tribe lived for a time among the Lower
Creeks and perhaps in this State. Another section settled near
Mobile and remained there until West Florida was ceded to Great
Britain when they crossed the Mississippi. A few seem to have
joined the Creeks and migrated with them to Oklahoma. (See
Florida.)
Apalachicola. Very early this tribe lived on the Apalachicola and
Chattahoochee Rivers, partly in Alabama. Sometime after 1715 they
settled in Russell County, on the Chattahoochee River where they
occupied at least two different sites before removing with the
rest of the Creeks to the other side of the Mississippi. (See
Georgia.)
Atasi. A division or subtribe of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Chatot. This tribe settled near Mobile after having been driven
from Florida and moved to Louisiana about the same time as the
Apalachee. (See Florida.)
Cherokee. In the latter part of the eighteenth century some
Cherokee worked their way down the Tennessee River is far as
Muscle Shoals, constituting the Chickamauga band. They had
settlements at Turkeytown on the Coosa, Willstown on Wills Creek,
and Coldwater near Tuscumbia, occupied jointly with the Creeks
and destroyed by the Whites in 1787. All of their Alabama
territory was surrendered in treaties made between 1807 and 1835.
(See Tennessee.)
Chickasaw. The Chickasaw had a few settlements in northwestern
Alabama, part of which State was within their hunting
territories. At one time they also had a town called Ooe-asa
(Wiaca) among the Upper Creeks. (See Mississippi.)
Choctaw. This tribe hunted over and occupied, at least
temporarily, parts of southwestern Alabama beyond the Tombigbee.
(See Mississippi.)
Creek Confederacy. This name is given to a loose organization
which constituted the principal political element in the
territory of the present States of Georgia and Alabama from very
early times probably as far back as the period of De Soto. It was
built around a dominant tribe, or rather a group of dominant
tribes, called Muskogee. The name Creek early became attached to
these people because when they were first known to the Carolina
colonists and for a considerable period afterward the body of
them which the latter knew best was living upon a river, the
present Ocmulgee, called by Europeans "Ocheese Creek." The Creeks
were early divided geographically into two parts, one called
Upper Creeks, on the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers; the other, the
Lower Creeks, on the lower Chattahoochee and Ocmulgee. The former
were also divided at times into the Coosa branch or Abihka and
the Tallapoosa branch and the two were called Upper and Middle
Creeks respectively. Bartram (1792) tends to confuse the student
by denominating all of the true Creeks "Upper Creeks" and the
Seminole "Lower Creeks." The dominant Muskogee gradually gathered
about them- and to a certain extent under them- the Apalachicola,
Hitchiti, Okmulgee, Sawokli, Chiaha, Osochi, Yuchi, Alabama,
Tawasa, Pawokti, Muklasa, Koasati, Tuskegee, a part of the
Shawnee, and for a time some Yamasee, not counting broken bands
and families from various quarters. The first seven of the above
here for the most part among the Lower Creeks, the remainder with
the Upper Creeks. (For further information, see the separate
tribal names under Alabama, Georgia, and Florida.)
Eufaula. A division or subtribe of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Fus-hatchee. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Hilibi. A division or subtribe of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Hitchiti. This tribe lived for considerable period close to, and
at times within, the present territory of Alabama along its
southeastern margin. (See Georgia.)
Kan-hatki. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Kealedji. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Koasati. Meaning unknown; often given as Coosawda and Coushatta,
and sometimes abbreviated to Shati.
Connections.- They belonged to the southern section of the
Muskhogean linguistic group, and were particularly close to the
Alabama.
Location.- The historic location of the Koasati was just below
the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers to form the
Alabama and on the east side of the latter, where Coosada Creek
and Station still bear the name. (See also Florida, Mississippi,
Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.)
Villages
Two Koasati towns are mentioned as having existed in very early
times, one of which may have been the Kaskinampo. (See
Tennessee.) At a later period a town known as Wetumpka on the
east bank of Coosa River, in Elmore County, near the fall seems
to have been occupied by Koasati Indians. During part of its
existence Wetumpka was divided into two settlements, Big Wetumpka
on the site of the modern town of the same name, and Little
Wetumpka above the falls of Coosa.
History.- It is probable that from about 1600 until well along in
the seventeenth century, perhaps to its very close, the Koasnti
lived upon Tennessee River. There is good reason to think that
they are the Coste, Acoste, or Costehe of De Soto's chroniclers
whose principal village was upon an island in the river, and in
all probability this was what is now known as Pine Island. There
is also a bare mention of them in the narrative of Pardo's
expedition of 1567 inland from Santa Elena, and judging by the
entries made upon maps published early in the eighteenth century
this tribe seems to have occupied the same position near where the
French and English made their settlements in the Southeast. About
that time they were probably joined by the related Kaskinampo. Not
long after they had become known to the Whites, a large part of
the Koasati migrated south and established themselves at the point
mentioned above. A portion seems to have remained behind for we
find a village called Coosada at Larkin's Landing in Jackson
County at a much later date. The main body continued with the
Upper Creeks until shortly after France ceded all of her
territories east of the Mississippi to England in 1763, when a
large part moved to Tombigbee River. These soon returned to their
former position, but about 1795 another part crossed the
Mississippi and settled on Red River. Soon afterward they seem to
have split up, some continuing on the Red River others went to the
Sabine and beyond to the Neches and Trinity Rivers, Tex. At a
later date a few Texas bands united with the Alabama in Polk
County, where their descendants still live, but most returned to
Louisiana and gathered into one neighborhood northeast of Kinder,
La. The greater part of the Koasati who remained in Alabama
accompanied the Creeks to Oklahoma, where a few are still to be
found. Previous to this removal, some appear to have gone to
Florida to mix in their lot with the Seminole.
Population.- The earliest estimates of the Alabama Indians
probably included the Koasati. In 1750 they are given 50 men; in
1760, 150 men. Marbury (1792) credits them with 130 men. In 1832,
after the Louisiana branch had split off, those who remained
numbered 82 and this is the last separate enumeration we have.
Sibley (1806) on native authority gives 200 hunters in the
Louisiana bands; in 1814 Sehermerhorn estimates that there were
600 on the Sabine; in 1817 Morse places the total Koasati
population in Louisiana and Texas 640; in 1829 Porter puts it
at 180; in 1850 Bollaert gives the number of men in the two
Koasati towns on Trinity River as 500.
In 1882 the United States Indian Office reported 290
Alabama, Koasati, and Muskogee in Texas, but the Census of 1900
raised this to 470. The Census of 1910 returned 11 Koasati from
Texas, 85 from Louisiana, and 2 from Nebraska; those in Oklahoma
were not enumerated separately from the other Creeks. The 134
"Creeks" returned from Louisiana in 1930 were mainly Koasati.
Connection in which they have become noted.- Coonsada, a post
village in Elmore County, Ala., near the old Koasati town, and
Coushatta, the capital of Red River Parish, La, preserve the name
of the Koasati.
Kolomi. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Mobile. Meaning unknown, but Halbert (1901) suggests that it may
be from Choctaw moeli, "to paddle," since Mobile is pronounced
moila by the Indians. It is the Mabila, Mauilla, Mavila, or
Mauvila of the De Soto chroniclers.
Connections. The language of the tribe was closely connected with
that of the Choctaw and gave its name to a trade jargon based
upon Choctaw or Chickasaw.
Location.- When the French settled the seacoast of Alabama the
Mobile were living on the west side of Mobile River a few miles
below the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee.
History.- When they make their first appearance in history in
1540 the Mobile were between the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers,
and on the east side of the former. Their chief, Tuscaloosa, was
a very tall and commanding Indian with great influence throughout
the surrounding, country. He inspired his people to attack; the
invading Spaniards and a terrific battle was fought October 18,
1540, for the possession of one of his fortified towns (Mabila),
which the Spaniards carried with heavy losses to themselves in
killed and wounded, while of the Indians 2,500 or more fell. It
is probable that the village of Nanipacna, through which a force
of Spaniards of the De Luna colony passed in 1559, was occupied
by some of the survivors of this tribe. At a later date they may
have settled near Gees Rend of the Alabama River, in Wilcox
County, because early French maps give a village site there which
they call "Vieux Mobiliens." A Spanish letter of 1686 speaks of
them as at war with the Peusacola tribe. When the French came
into the country, the Mobile were, as stated above, settled not
far below the junction of the Tombigbee and Alabama. After a post
had been established on the spot where Mobile stands today, the
Mobile Indians moved down nearer to it and remained there until
about the time when the English obtained possession of the
country. They do not appear to have gone to Louisiana like so
many of the smaller tribes about them and were probably absorbed
in the Choctaw Nation.
Population.- After allowing for all exaggerations, the number of
Mobile Indians when De Soto fought with them must have been very
considerable, perhaps 6,000 to 7,000. Mooney (1928) estimates
2,000 Mobile and Tohome in 1650, over a hundred years after the
great battle. In 1702 Iberville states that this tribe and the
Tohome together embraced about 350 warriors; in 1725-26 Bienville
(1932, vol. 3, p. 536), gives 60 for the Mobile alone, but in
1730 Regis de Rouillet (1732) cuts this in half. In 1758 De
Kerlerec (1907) estimates the number of warriors among the
Mobile, Tohome, and Naniaba at about 100.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Mobile have
attained a fame altogether beyond anything which their later
numerical importance would warrant; (1) on account of the
desperate resistance which they offered to De Soto's forces, and
(2) from the important Alabama city to which they gave their
name. There is a place called Mobile in Maricopa County, Ariz.
Muklasa. Meaning in Alabama and Choctaw, "friends," or "people of
one nation."
Connections.- Since the Muklasa did not speak Muskogee and their
name is from the Koasati, Alabama, or Choctaw language, and since
they were near neighbors of the two former, it is evident that
they were connected with one or the other of them.
Location.- On the south bank of Tallapoosa River in Montgomery
County. (See Florida and Oklahoma.)
History.- When we first hear of the Muklasa in 1675 they were in
the position above given and remained there until the end of the
Creek-American War, when they are said to have emigrated to
Florida in a body. Nothing is heard of them afterward, however,
and although Gatschet (1884) states that there was a town of the
name in the Creek Nation in the west in his time, I could learn
nothing about it when I visited the Creeks in 1911-12.
Population.- In 1760 the Muklasa are said to have had 50 men, in
1761, 30, and in 1792, 30. These are the only figures available
regarding their numbers.
Muskogee. Meaning unknown, but perhaps originally from Shawnee
and having reference to swampy ground. To this tribe the name
Creeks was ordinarily applied. Also called:
Ani'-Gu'sa, by the Cherokee, meaning "Coosa people," after
an ancient and famous town on Coosa River.
Ku-u'sha, by the Wyandot.
Ochesee, by the Hitchiti.
Sko'-ki han-ya, by the Biloxi.
Connections.- The Muskogee language constitutes one division of
the Muskhogean tongues proper, that which I call Northern.
Location.- From the earliest times of which we have any record
these people seem to have had towns all the way from the Atlantic
coast of Georgia and the neighborhood of Savannah River to
central Alabama. (See also Florida, Louisiana, Oklahoma,
Tennessee, and Texas.)
Subdivisions and Villages
It is difficult to separate major divisions of the Muskogee from
towns and towns from villages, but there were certainly several
distinct Muskogee tribes at a very early period. The following
subdivisional classification is perhaps as good as any:
Abihka (in St. Clair, Calhoun, and Talladega Counties):
Abihka-in-the-west, a late branch of Abihka in the western part
of the Creek Nation, Okla.
Abihkutci, on Tallassee Hatchee Creek, Talladega County, on the
right bank 5 miles from Coosa River.
Kan-tcati, on or near Chocolocko, or Choccolocco, Creek and
probably not far from the present "Conchardee."
Kayomalgi, possibly settled by Shawnee or Chickasaw, probably
near Sylacauga, Talladega County.
Lun-ham-ga, location unknown.
Talladega, on Talladega Creek, Talladega County.
Tcahki lako, on Choccolocco Creek in Talladega or Calhoun County.
Atasi: Location (1) on the upper Ocmulgee River, (2) on the
Chattahoochee, (3) on the Tallapoosa in Tallapoosa County, (4) on
the south side of the Tallapoosa in Macon County, and (5) on the
north side near Calebee Creek in Elmore County.
Coosa:
Abihkutci, a division of Okfuskee, which apparently came into
existence after the Creeks had removed to Oklahoma.
Atcinaulga, on the west bank of Tallapoosa River in Randolph
County.
Big Tulsa, on the east bank of Tallapoosa River at the mouth of
Ufaubee Creek in Tallapoosa County.
Chatukchufaula, possibly identical with the last, on Nafape Creek
or Tallapoosa River.
Chuleocwhooatlee, on the left bank of Tallapoosa River, 11 miles
below Nuyaka, in Tallapoosa County.
Holitaiga, on Chattahoochee River in Troup County, Ga.
Imukfa, on Emaufaw Creek in Tallapoosa County.
Ipisagi, on Sandy Creek in Tallapoosa County.
Kohamutkikatsa, location unknown.
Little Tulsa, on the east side of Coosa River, 3 miles above the
falls, Elmore County.
Lutcapoga, perhaps near Loachapoka in Lee County, or on the upper
Tallapoosa.
Nafape, on a creek of the same name flowing into Ufaubee Creek.
Okfuskee, location (1) at the mouth of Hillabee Creek, (2) at the
mouth of Sand Creek, both in Tallapoosa County.
Okfuskutci, (1) on Chattahoochee River in Troup County, Ca.; (2)
on the upper Tallapoosa in Tallapoosa County, Ala.; (3) another
town of the name or an earlier location of the first somewhere
near the lower Tallapoosa.
Old Coosa, near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers.
Otciapofa, on the east side of the Coosa River in Elmore County,
just below the falls.
Saoga-hatchee, on Saogahatchee Creek, in Tallapoosa or Lee County.
Suka-ispoga, on the west bank of Tallapoosa River below the mouth
of Hillibee Creek, in Tallapoosa County.
Tallassehasee, on Tallassee Hatchee Creek in Talladega County.
Tcahkilako, on Chattahoochee River near Franklin, Heard County,
Ga.
Tcatoksofka, seemingly a later name of the main Okfuskee town.
Tcawokeln, 25 miles east northeast of the mouth of Upatoie Creek,
probably near Chewacla Station, Lee County.
Tculakonini, on Chattahoochee River in Troup County, Ga.
Tohtogagi, on the west bank of Tallapoosa River, probably in
Randolph County.
Tukabahcheo Tallahassee, later called Talmuteasi, on the west
side of Tallapoosa River in Tallapoosa County.
Tukpafka, on Chattahoochee River in Heard County, Ga., later
moved to Tallapoosa, settled on the left bank 11 miles above
Okfuskee, Tallapoosa County, and renamed Nuyaka.
Tulsa Canadian, a branch of Tulsa on the Canadian River, Okla.
Tulsa Little River, a branch of Tulsa near Holdenville, Okla.
Coweta (early location on the upper Ocmulgee, later on the west
bank of Chattahoochee River in Russell County, Ala., opposite
Columbus, Ga.):
Coweta Tallahassee, later Likatcka or Broken Arrow, probably a
former location of the bulk of the tribe, on the west bank of
Chattahoochee River in Russell County, Ala.
Katca tastanagi's Town "at Cho-lose-parp-kari."
Settlements on "Hallewokke Yoaxarhatchee."
Settlements on "Toosilkstorkee Hatchee."
Settlements on "Warkeeche Hatchee."
Wetumpka, a branch of the last on the main fork of Big Uchee
Creek 12 miles northwest from the mother town, Coweta
Tallahassee.
Eufaula:
A branch among the Seminole called Kan-tcati. (See Florida,
Seminole.)
A branch village of Eufaula hopai on a creek called
"Chouokolohatchee."
Eufaulahatchee or Eufaula Old Town, on Talladega Creek, also
called Eufaula Creek, 15 miles from its mouth.
Lower Eufaula or Eufaula hopai, above the mouth of Pataula Creek,
in Clay County, Ga.
Upper Eufaula, on the right bank of Tallapoosa River 5 miles
below Okfuskee, in Tallapoosa County- at one time separated into
Big Eufaula and Little Eufaula.
Hilibi (at the junction of Hillabee and Bear Creeks, Tallapoosa
County):
Anetechapko, 10 miles above Hilibi on a branch of Hillabee Creek.
Etcuseislaiga, on the left bank of Hillabee Creek, 4 miles below
Hilibi.
Kiteopataki, location unknown.
Lanutciabala, on the northwest branch of Hillabee Creek, probably
in Tallapoosa County.
Little Hilibi, location unknown.
Oktahasasi, on a creek of the name 2 miles below Hilibi.
Holiwahali (on the north bank of Tallapoosa River in Elmore
County):
Laplako, on the south side of Tallapoosa in Montgomery County
nearly opposite Holiwahali.
Kasihta (best-known location on the east bank of Chattahoochee
River, at the junction of Upatoie Creek in Chattahoochee County,
Ga.):
Apatai, in the forks of Upatoie and Pine Knob Creeks in Muskogee
County, Ga.
Salenojuh, on Flint River 8 miles below Aupiogee Creek (?).
Settlements bearing the same name (Kasihta).
Settlements on Chowockeleehatchee Creek, Ala.
Settlements on Little Uchee Creek, Ala.
Settlements on "Tolarnulkar Hatchee."
Sicharlitcha, location unknown.
Tallassee Town, on Opillikee Hatchee, perhaps in Schley or Macon
Counties, Ga.
Tuckabatchee Harjo's Town, on Osenubba Hatchee, a west branch of
the Chattahoochee, Ala.
Tuskehenehaw Chooley's Town, near West Point, Troup County, Ga.
Okchai:
Asilanabi, on Yellow Leaf Creek in Shelby County.
Lalogalga, or Fish Pond, on a branch of Elkhatchee Creek, 14
miles up, in Tallapoosa or Coosa County.
Okchai, location (1) on the east side of the lower Coosa in
Elmore County; (2) in the southeastern part of Coosa County, on a
creek bearing their name, which flowed into Kialaga Creek.
Potcashatchee, probably a branch of this on the upper course of
Hatchet Creek in Clay or Coosa County.
Tcahki lako, on Chattahoochee River.
Tulsa hatchee, location uncertain.
Pakana:
Pakan Tallahassee, on Hatchet Creek, Coosa County.
The Pakana who settled near Fort Toulouse at the junction of
Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers and afterward moved to Louisiana,
living on Calcasieu River for a while.
Tukabahchee (in the sharp angle made where Tallapoosa River turns
west in Elmore County):
Only one small out village is mentioned, Wihili, location
unknown.
Wakokai (on the middle course of Hatchet Creek in Coosa County):
Sakapadai, probably on Sacapartoy, a branch of Hatchet Creek,
Coosa County.
Tukpafks, on Hatchet Creek, Coosa County.
Wiogufki, on Weogufka Creek in Coosa County.
Besides the Muskogee tribes noted above, there were the
following:
Fus-hatchee. Not a major division; on the north bank of
Tallapoosa River in Elmore County, 2 miles below Holiwahali. They
may have been related to the Holiwahali.
Kan-hatki. Not a major division; just below Kolomi on the north
bank of Tallapoosa River in Elmore County. Possibly related to
the Holiwahali.
Kealedji. Not a primary division; perhaps a branch of
Tukabahchee; location (1) on the Ocmulgee, (2) on Kialaga Creek
in Elmore County or Tallapoosa County, having one branch
Hatcheetcaba, west of Kealedji, probably in Elmore County.
Kolomi. Probably not a major division; location (1) on the
Ocmulgee, (2) on the middle Chattahoochee in Russell County,
Alb., (3) on the north side of the lower Tallapoosa in Elmore
County. They may have been related to the Holiwahali.
Wiwohka. Not a primary division but a late town; location (1)
near the mouth of Hatchet Creek in Coosa County, (2) on Weoka
Creek in Elmore County.
In addition to the above there were a number of towns and
villages which cannot be classified, or only with extreme doubt.
They are as follows:
Acpactaniche, on the headwaters of Coosa River, perhaps meant for
Pakana.
Alkehatchee, an Upper Creek town.
Atchasapa, on Tallapoosa River not far below Tulsa, possibly for
Hatcheechubba.
Aucheucaula, in the northwestern part of Coosa County.
Auhoba, below Autauga. (See Alabama.)
Breed Camp, an Upper Creek town, probably meant for the Chickasaw
settlement of Ooe-asa.
Cauwaoulau, a Lower Creek village in Russell County west of Uehee
Post Office and south of the old Federal road.
Chachane, the Lower Creek town farthest downstream.
Chanahunrege, between the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers in or near
Coosa County.
Chananagi, placed by Brannon (1909) "in Bullock County, just
south of the Central of Georgia Railroad near Susponsion."
Chichoufkee, an Upper Creek town in Elmore County, east of Coosa
River and near Wiwoka Creek.
Chinnaby's Fort, at Ten Islands in the Coosa River.
Chiscalage, in or near Coosa County, perhaps a body of Yuchi.
Cholocco Litabixee, in the Horseshoe Bend of Tallapoosa River.
Chuahla, just below White Oak Creek, south of Alabama River.
Cohatchie, in the southwestern part of Talladega County on the
bank of Coosa River.
Conaliga, in the western part of Russell County or the eastern
part of Macon, somewhere near the present Warrior Stand.
Cooccohapofe, on Chattahoochee River.
Cotohautustenuggee, on the right bank of Upatoie Creek, Muscogee
County, Ga.
Cow Towns, location uncertain.
Donnally's Town, on the Flint or the Chattahoochee River.
Ekun-duts-ke, probably on the south bank of Line Creek in
Montgomery County.
Emarhe, location uncertain.
Eto-husse-wakkes, on Chattahoochee River, 3 miles above Fort
Gaines.
Fife's Village, an Upper Creek village a few miles east of
Talladega, Ala.
Fin'halui, a Lower Creek settlement, perhaps the Yuchi settlement
of High Log.
Habiquache, given by the Popple Map as on the west side of Coosa
River.
Ikan atchaka, "Holy Ground," in Lowndes County, 2 1/2 miles due
north of White Hall, just below the mouth of Holy Ground Creek on
the Old Sprott Plantation.
Istapoga, in Talladega County near the influx of Estaboga Creek
into Choccolocco Creek, about 10 miles from Coosa River.
Kehatches, somewhere above the bend of Tallapoosa River and
between it and the Coosa.
Keroff, apparently on the upper Coosa.
Litafatchi, at the head of Canoe Creek in St. Clair County.
Lustuhatchee, above the second cataract of Tallapoosa River.
Melton's Village, in Marshall County, Ala., on Town Creek, at the
site of the present "Old Village Ford."
Ninnipaskulgee, near Tukabahchee.
Nipky, probably a Lower Creek town.
Oakchinawa Village, in Talladega County, on both sides of Salt
Creek, near the point where it flows into Big Shoal Creek.
Old Osonee Town, on Cahawba River in Shelby County.
Opillako, on Pinthlocco Creek in Coosa County.
Oti palin, on the west bank of Coosa River, just below the
junction of Canoe Creek. (See Chinnaby's Fort.)
Oti tutcina, probably between Coosa and Opillako or Pakan
Tallahassee and on Coosa River.
Pea Creek, perhaps an out settlement of Tukabahchee, location
unknown.
Pin Huti, somewhere near Dadeville in Tallapoosa County.
Rabbit Town, possibly a nickname, location unknown.
St. Taffery's, location unknown.
Satapo, on Tennessee River.
Talipsehogy, an Upper Creek settlement.
Talishntchie Town, in Calhoun County east of a branch of
Tallasehatchee Creek 3 miles southwest of Jacksonville.
Tallapoosa, said to be within a day's journey of Fort Toulouse at
the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa River and probably on
the river of that name.
Talwa Hadjo, on Cahawba River.
Tohowogly, perhaps intended for Sawokli, 8 to 10 miles below the
falls of the Chattahoochee.
Turkey Creek, in Jefferson County, on Turkey Greek north of
Trussville, probably Creek.
Uncuaula, in the western part of Coosa County on Coosa River.
Wallhal, an Upper Creek town given on the Purcell map, perhaps
intended for Eufaula, or an independent town on Wallahatchee
Creek, Elmore County.
Weyolla, a town so entered on the Popple Map, between the Coosa
and Tallapoosa but near the former; probably a distorted form of
the name of some well-known place.
History.- Muskogee tradition points to the northwest for the
origin of the nation. In the spring of 1540, De Soto passed
through some settlements and a "province" called Chisi, Ichisi,
and Achese, in southern Georgia, which may have been occupied by
Muskogee because they are known to Hitchiti-speaking people as
Ochesee. Somewhat later he entered Cofitachequi, probably either
the later Kasihta, or Coweta, and the same summer he entered
Coosa and passed through the country of the Upper Creeks.
Companions of De Luna visited Coosa again in 1559 and assisted it
in its wars with a neighboring tribe to the West, the Napochi.
Cofitachequi was visited later by Juan Pardo and other Spanish
explorers and some of Pardo's companions penetrated as far as
Coosa. It is probable that part if not all of the province of
Guale on the Georgia coast was at that time occupied by Muskogee,
and relations between the Guale Indians and the Spaniards
continued intimate from 1565 onward. Soon afterward the Spaniards
also encountered the Creeks of Chattahoochee River. At what time
the confederacy of which the Muskogee were the most important
part was established is unknown but the nucleus probably existed
in De Soto's time. At any rate it was in a flourishing condition
in 1670 when South Carolina was colonized and probably continued
to grow more rapidly than before owing to the accession of Creek
tribes displaced by the Whites or other tribes whom the Whites
had displaced. Before 1715 a large body were living on Ocmulgee
River but following on the Yamasee outbreak of that year they
withdrew to the Chattahoochee from which they had moved previously
to be near the English trading posts. Occupying as they did a
central position between the English, Spanish, and French
colonies, the favor of the Creeks was a matter of concern to these
nations, and they played a more important part than any other
American Indians in the colonial history of the Gulf region. For a
considerable period they were allied with the English, and they
were largely instrumental in destroying the former Indian
inhabitants of Florida and breaking up the missions which had been
established there. Finding the territory thus vacated very
agreeable and one abounding in game, they presently began to
settle in it permanently particularly after it was ceded to Great
Britain in 1763. The first of the true Muskogee to emigrate to
Florida, except for a small band of Coweta, were some Eufaula
Indians, and the Muskogee do not seem to have constituted the
dominant element until after the Creek-American war, 1813-14. In
the last decades of the eighteenth century, the internal
organization of the Confederacy was almost revolutionized by
Alexander McGillivray, the son of a Scotch trader, who set up a
virtual dictatorship and raised the Confederacy to a high position
of influence by his skill in playing off one European nation
against another. After his death friction developed between the
factions favorable to and those opposed to the Whites. Inspired by
the Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, a large part of the Upper Creeks
broke out into open hostilities in 1813, but nearly all of the
Lower Creeks and some of the most prominent Upper Creek towns
refused to join with them and a large force from the Lower Creeks
under William MacIntosh and Timpoochee Barnard, the Yuchi chief,
actively aided the American army. This war was ended by Andrew
Jackson's victory at Horsehoe Bend on the Tallapoosa River, March
27, 1814. One immediate result of this war was to double or triple
the number of Seminole in Florida, owing to the multitude of
Creeks who wished to escape from their old country.
From this time on friction between the pro-White and anti-
White Creek factions increased. When the United States Government
attempted to end these troubles by inducing the Indians to
emigrate, the friction increased still more and culminated in
1825 when the Georgia commissioners had induced William
MacIntosh, leader of the pro-American faction, and some other
chiefs to affix their signatures to a treaty ceding all that was
then left of the Creek lands. For this act formal sentence of
death was passed upon MacIntosh, and he was shot by a band of
Indians sent to his house for that purpose May 1, 1825. However,
the leaders of the Confederacy finally agreed to the removal,
which took place between 1836 and 1840, the Lower Creeks settling
in the upper part of their new lands and the Upper Creeks in the
lower part. The former factional troubles kept the relations
between these two sections strained for some years, but they were
finally adjusted and in course of time an elective government
with a chief, second chief, and a representative assembly of two
houses was established, which continued until the nation was
incorporated into the State of Oklahoma.
Population.- Except where an attempt is made to give the
population by towns, it is usually impossible to separate the
Muskogee from other peoples of the Confederacy. Correct estimates
of all Creeks are also rendered difficult because they were
taking in smaller tribes from time to time and giving off
colonists to Florida and Louisiana. In 1702 Iberville placed the
whole number of Creek and Alabama families at 2,000. In 1708
South Carolina officials estimated about 2,000 warriors. In 1715
something approaching a census was taken of the tribes in their
vicinity by the government of South Carolina and a total of 1,869
men and a population of 6,522 was returned for the Creeks,
exclusive of the Alabama, Yuchi, Shawnee, Apalachicola, and
Yamasee. A town by town enumeration made by the Spaniards in 1738
shows 1,660 warriors; a French estimate of 1750, 905; another of
1760, 2,620; a North Carolina estimate of 1760, 2,000 warriors;
an English estimate of 1761, 1,385; one of about 3,000 the same
year; an American estimate of 1792, 2,850; and finally the census
taken in 1832-33 just before the emigration of the Creeks to
their new lands across the Mississippi, showed a total of 17,939
in the true Muskogee towns. Besides these more careful
statements, we have a number of general estimates of warriors in
the eighteenth century ranging from 1,250 up to between 5,000 and
6,000. This last was by Alexander McGillivray and is nearest that
shown by the census of 1832-33. It would seem either that the
earlier estimates were uniformly too low or that the Confederacy
increased rapidly during the latter part of the eighteenth
century and the first part of the nineteenth. After the removal
estimates returned by the Indian Office and from other sources
ranged between 20,000 and 25,000.
When a new census was taken in 1857, however, less than
15,000 were resumed, and there was a slow falling off until 1919
when there were about 12,000. It must be noted that the census of
1910 returned only 6,945, a figure which can be reconciled with
that of the United States Indian Office only on the supposition
that it is supposed to cover only Indians of full or nearly full
blood. The report of the United States Indian Office for 1923
gives 11,952 Creeks by blood.
Regarding the later population it must be remembered that it
has become more and more diluted. The United States Census of
1930 gave 9,083 but included the Alabama and Koasati Indians of
Texas and Louisiana and individuals scattered through more than
13 other States outside of Oklahoma, where 8,760 lived. These
"general estimates" include the incorporated tribes.
Connection in which they have become noted.- In the form
Muskhogean, the name of this tribe was adopted by Powell (1891)
for that group of languages to which the speech of the Muskogee
belongs. In the form Muscogee it has been given to a county in
western Georgia, and to a railroad junction in it, and to a post-
village in Escambia County, Fla. In the form Muskogee it is the
name of the capital of Muskogee County, Okla., the third largest
city in that state. The political organization of which they
constituted the nucleus and the dominant element represents the
most successful attempt north of Mexico at the formation of a
superstate except that made by the Iroquois, and the part they
played in the early history of our Gulf region was greater than
that of any other, not even excepting the Cherokee. They were one
of the principal mound-building tribes to survive into modern
times and were unsurpassed in the elaborate character of their
ceremonials (except possibly by the Natchez), while their prowess
in war was proven by the great contest which they waged with the
United States Government in 1813-14, and the still more
remarkable struggle which their Seminole relatives and descendants
maintained in Florida in 1835-1842. Their great war speaker,
Hopohithli-yahola, was probably surpassed in native greatness by
no chief in this area except the Choctaw Pushmataha. (See
Foreman, 1930.)
Napochi. If connected with Choctaw Napissa, as seems not
unlikely, the name means "those who see," or " those who look
out," probably equivalent to "frontiersmen."
Connection.- They belonged to the southern division of the
Muskhogeans proper, and were seemingly nearest to the Choctaw.
Location.- Along Black Warrior River.
History.- The tribe appears first in the account of an attempt to
colonize the Gulf States in 1559 under Don Tristan de Luna. A
part of his forces being sent inland from Pensacola Bay came to
Coosa in 1560 and assisted its people against the Napochi, whom
they claimed to have reduced to "allegiance" to the former. After
this the Napochi seem to have left the Black Warrior, and we know
nothing certain of their fate, but the name was preserved down to
very recent times among the Creeks as a war name, and it is
probable that they are the Napissa spoken of by Iberville in
1699, as having recently united with the Chickasaw. Possibly the
Acolapissa of Pearl River and the Quinipissa of Louisiana were
parts of the same tribe.
Population.- Unknown.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The only clan the
Napochi have to distinction is their possible connection with the
remarkable group of mounds at Moundville, Hale County, Ala.
Natchez. One section of the Natchez Indians settled among the
Abihka Creeks near Coosa River after 1731 and went to Oklahoma a
century later with the rest of the Creeks. (See Mississippi.)
Okchai. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Okmulgee. A Creek tribe and town of the Hitchiti connection. (See
Georgia.)
Osochi. Meaning unknown.
Connections.- Within recent times the closest connections of this
tribe have been with the Chiaha, though their language is said
to have been Muskogee, but there is some reason to think that
they may have been originally a part of the Timucua. (See below.)
Location.- Their best known historic seat was in the great bend
of Chattahoochee River, Russell County, Ala., near the Chiaha.
(See also Georgia and Florida.)
Villages
The town of Hotalgi-huyana populated in part from this tribe and
in part from the Chiaha. The census of 1832 gives two
settlements, one on the Chattahoochee River and one on a stream
called Opillike Hatchee.
History.- The suggestion that the Osochi may have been Timucua is
founded (1) on the resemblance of their name to that of a Timucua
division in northwest Florida called by the Spaniards Ossachile
or Ucachile, (2) on the fact that after the Timucua uprising of
1666 some of the rebels "fled to the woods," and (3) the later
mention of a detached body of Timucua in the neighborhood of the
Apalachicola. Early in the eighteenth century they seem to have
been living with or near the Apalachicola at the junction of the
Chattahoochee and Flint. From what Hawkins (1848) tells us
regarding them, we must suppose that they moved up Flint River
somewhat later and from there to the Chattahoochee, in the
location near the Chiaha above given. They migrated to Oklahoma
with the rest of the Lower Creeks, and maintained their
separateness in that country for a while but were later absorbed
in the general mass of the Creek population.
Population.- The following estimates of the effective male
population of the Osochi occur: 1750, 30; 1760, 50; 1792, 50. The
census of 1832-33 returned a total of 539, but one of the two
towns inhabited by these Indians may have belonged to the
Okmulgee.
Pakana. A division of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Pawokti. This tribe moved from Florida to the neighborhood of
Mobile along with the Alabama Indians and afterward established a
town on the upper course of Alabama River. Still later they were
absorbed into the Alabama division of the Creek Confederacy. (See
Florida.)
Pilthlako. A division of the Creeks, probably related to the
Muskogee (q. v.), and possibly a division of the Okchai.
Sawokli. Possibly meaning "raccoon people," in the Hitchiti
language, and, while this is not absolutely certain, the okli
undoubtedly means "people."
Connections.- The Sawokli belonged to the Muskhogean linguistic
stock and to the subdivision called Atcik-hata. (See
Apalachicola.)
Location. - The best known historic location was on the
Chattahoochee River in the northeastern part of the present Barbour
County, Ala. (See Florida and Georgia.)
Villages
Hatchee teaba, probably on or near Hatchechubbee Creek, in
Russell County, Ala.
Okawaigi, on Cowikee Creek, in Barbour County, Ala.
Okiti-yagani, in Clay County, Ga., not far from Fort Gaines.
Sawokli, several different locations, the best known of which is
given above.
Sawoklutci, on the east bank of the Chattahoochee River, in
Stewart County, Ga.
Tcawokli, probably on Chattahoochee River in the northeastern
part of Russell County, Ala.
History.- When first known to the Spaniards the Sawokli were
living on Chattahoochee River below the falls. A Spanish mission,
Santa Cruz de Sabacola, was established in one section of the
tribe by Bishop Calderon of Cuba in 1675, and missionaries were
sent to a larger body among the Creeks in 1679 and again in 1681.
Most of the Indians surrounding these latter, however, soon became
hostile and those who were Christianized withdrew to the junction
of the Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, where they were settled not
far from the newly established Chatot missions. The Sawokli appear
to have remained in the same general region until 1706 or 1707,
when they were displaced by hostile Indians, probably Creeks. At
least part lived for a while on Ocmulgee River and returned to the
Chattahoochee, as did the residents of many other Indian towns,
about 1715, after which they gradually split up into several
settlements but followed the fortunes of the Lower Creeks. In the
seventeenth century there may have been a detached body as far
west as Yazoo River, saw a map of that period gives a "Sabougla"
town there and the name is preserved to the present day in a creek
and post village.
Population.- In 1738 a Spanish report gives the Sawokli 20 men,
evidently an underestimate. In 1750 four settlements are given
with more than 50 men, and in 1760 the same number of settlements
and 190 men, including perhaps the Tamali, but to these must be
added 30 men of Okiti-yakani. In 1761, including the neighboring
and probably related villages, they are reported to have had 50
hunters. Hawkins in 1799 gives 20 hunters in Sawoklutci but no
figured for the other towns. (See Hawkins, 1848.) In 1821 Young
(in Morse, 1822) estimates 150 inhabitants in a town probably
identical with this, and, according to the census of 1832-33,
there were 187 Indians in Sawokli besides 42 slaves, 157 Indians
in Okawaigi, and 106 in Hatcheetcaba; altogether, exclusive of
the slaves, 450.
Connection in which they have become noted.- Sawokla is the name
of a small place in Oklahoma, and a branch of this town has had
its name incorporated in that of a stream, the Chewokeleehatchee,
in Macon County., Ala., and in a post office called Chewacla in
Lee County, Ala.
Shawnee. In 1716 a band of Shawnee from Savannah River moved to
the Chattahoochee and later to the Tallapoosa, where they
remained until early in the nineteenth century. A second band
settled near Sylacauga in 1747 and remained there until some time
before 1761 when they returned north. (See Tennessee.)
Taensa. This tribe was moved from Louisiana in 1715 and given a
location about 2 leagues from the French fort at Mobile, one
which had been recently abandoned by the Tawasa, along a water-
course which was named from them Tensaw River. Soon after the
cession of Mobile to Great Britain, the Taensa returned to
Louisiana. (See Louisiana.)
Tohome. Said by Iberville to mean "little chief," but this is
evidently an error.
Connections.- They belonged to the southern branch of the
Muskhogean linguistic group, their closest relatives being the
Mobile.
Location.- About McIntosh's Bluff on the west bank of Tombigbee
River, some miles above its junction with the Alabama.
Subdivisions
Anciently there were two main branches of this tribe, sometimes
called the Big Tohome and Little Tohome, but the Little Tohome
are known more often as Naniaba, "people dwelling on a hill," or
"people of the Forks;" the latter would be because they were
where the Alabama and Tombigbee Rivers unite.
Villages
No others are known than those which received their names from
the tribe and its subdivisions.
History.- Cartographical evidence suggests that the Tohome may
once have lived on a creek formerly known as Oke Thome, now
contracted into Catoma, which flows into Alabama River a short
distance below Montgomery. When first discovered by the Whites,
however, they were living at the point above indicated. In the De
Luna narratives (1559-60) the Tombigbee River is called "River of
the Tome." Iberville learned of this tribe in April 1700, and
sent messengers who reached the Tohome village and returned in
May. In 1702 he went to see them himself but seems not to have
gone beyond the Naniaba. From this time on Tohome history is
identical with that of the Nobile and the two tribes appear
usually to have been in alliance although a rupture between them
was threatened upon one occasion on account of the murder of a
Mobile woman by one of the Tohome. In 1715 a Tohome Indian killed
an English trader named Hughes who had come overland from South
Carolina, had been apprehended and taken to Mobile by the French
and afterward liberated. A bare mention of the tribe occurs in
1763 and again in 1771-72. They and the Mobile probably united
ultimately with the Choctaw.
Population.- In 1700 Iberville estimated that the Tohome and
Mobile each counted 300 warriors, but 2 years later he revised
his figures so far that he gave 350 for the two together. In 1730
Regis de Rouillet estimated that there were 60 among the Tohome
and 50 among the Naniaba. In 1758 Governor De Kerlerec estimated
that the Mobile, Tohome, and Naniaba together had 100 warriors.
(See Mobile.)
Tukabahchee. One of the four head tribes of the Muskogee (q. v.).
Tuskegee. Meaning unknown, but apparently containing the
Alabama term taska, "warrior."
Connection.- The original Tuskegee language is unknown but it was
probably affiliated with the Alabama, and hence with the southern
branch of Muskhogeans.
Location.- The later and best known location of this tribe was on
the point of land between Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers, but in
1685 part of them were on the Chattahoochee River near modern
Columbus and the rest were on the upper Tennessee near Long
Island. (See also Oklahoma and Tennessee.)
Villages
None are known under any except the tribal name.
History.- In 1540 De Soto passed through a town called Tasqui 2
days before he entered Coosa. In 1567 Vandera was informed that
there were two places in this neighborhood near together called
Tasqui and Tasquiqui, both of which probably belonged to the
Tuskegee.
By the close of the seventeenth century the Tuskegee appear
to have divided into two bands one of which Coxe (1705) places on
an island in Tennessee River. This band continued to live on or
near the Tennessee for a considerable period but in course of
time settled among the Cherokee on the south side of Little
Tennessee River, just above the mouth of Tellico, in the present
Monroe County, Tenn. Sequoya lived there in his boyhood. Another
place which retained this name, and was probably the site of an
earlier settlement was on the north bank of Tennessee River, in a
bend just below Chattanooga, while there was a Tuskegee Creek on
the south bank of Little Tennessee River, north of Robbinsville,
in Graham County, N. C. This band, or the greater part of it, was
probably absorbed by the Cherokee.
A second body of Tuskegee moved to the location mentioned
above where the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers come together. It is
possible that they first established themselves among the Creek
towns on the Ocmulgee, moved with them to the Chattahoochee in
1715 and finally to the point just indicated, for we have at
least two documentary notices of Tuskegee at those points and
they appear so situated on a number of maps. It is more likely
that these were the Tuskegee who finally settled at the Coosa-
Tallapoosa confluence than a third division of the tribe but the
fact is not yet established. In 1717 the French fort called Fort
Toulouse or the Alabama Fort was built close to this town and
therefore it continued in the French interest as long as French
rule lasted. After the Creek removal, the Tuskegee formed a town
in the southeastern part of the Creek territories in Oklahoma,
but at a later date part moved farther to the northwest and
established themselves near Beggs.
Population.- There are no figures for the Tuskegee division which
remained on Tennessee River. The southern band had 10 men
according to the estimate of 1750, but this is evidently too low.
Later enumerations are 50 men in 1760, 40 in 1761, including
those of Coosa Old Town, 25 in 1772 and 1792, 35 in 1799. The
census of 1832-33 returned a population of 216 Indians and 25
Negro slaves.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The name Tuskegee
became applied locally to several places in eastern Tennessee and
western North Carolina, and one in Creek County, Okla., but the
most important place to receive it was Tuskeegee or Tuskegee, the
county seat of Macon County, Ala. The Tuskegee Normal and
Industrial Institute for colored people, located at this place,
has, under the guidance of the late Booker T. Washington, made
the name better known than any other association.
Wakokai. A division or subtribe of the Muskogee (q.v.)
Wiwohka. A division of the Muskogee made up from several different
sources. (See Muskogee.)
Yamasee. There was a band of Yamasee on Mobile Bay shortly after
1716, at the mouth of the River, and such a band is entered on
maps as late as 1744. It was possibly this same band which
appears among the Upper Creeks during the same century and in
particular is entered upon the Mitchell map of 1755. Later they
seem to have moved across to Chattahoochee River and later to
west Florida, where in 1823 they constituted a Seminole town.
(See Florida.)
Yuchi. A band of Yuchi seems to have lived at a very early date
near Muscle Shoals on the Tennessee River, whence they probably
moved into east Tennessee. A second body of the same tribe moved
from Choctawhatchee River, Fla., to the Tallapoosa before 1760
and established themselves near the Tukabahchee, but they soon
disappeared from the historical record. In 1715 the Westo
Indians, who I believe to have been Yuchi, settled on the Alabama
side of Chattahoochee River, probably on Little Creek. The
year afterward another band, accompanied by Shawnee and
Apalachicola Indians, established themselves farther down,
perhaps at the mouth of Cowikee Creek in Barbour County, and not
long afterward accompanied the Shawnee to Tallapoosa River. They
settled beside the latter and some finally united with them. They
seem to have occupied several towns in the neighborhood in
succession and there is evidence that a part of them reached the
lower Tombigbee. The main body of Yuchi shifted from the Savannah
to Uchee Creek in Russell County between 1729 and 1740 and
continued there until the westward migration of the Creek Nation.
(See Georgia.)
Alaska
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Ahtenn. Signifying "Ice People." Also called:
Copper River Indians, popular name.
Intsi Dindjich, Kutchin name, meaning "men of iron."
Ketschetnaer or Kolshina, Russian name meaning "ice people."
Mednofski, Russian name meaning "copper river people."
Yellowknife Indians, by Ross (quoted by Dall, 1877).
Yullit, Ugalakmiut name.
Connections.- The Ahtena belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock. Physically they are said to bear a close resemblance to
the Koyukukhotana. (See Koyukan.)
Location.- In the basin of Copper River.
Subdivisions
According to Allen (1887):
Miduusky, on Copper River from its mouth to Tazlina River, and
its branches.
Tatlazan, above the Tazlina.
According to Hoffman (ms.):
Ikherkhamut, near the mouth of Copper River.
Kangikhlukhmut, at the head of Copper River.
Kulchana, about headwaters of the Kuskokwim and extending
probably into the valley of Copper River, but Osgood (1936) calls
this "an erroneous generalized extension of the Ahtena people."
Kulushut, on Copper River next above the Ikherkhamut.
Shukhtutakhlit, on Copper River next above the Kangikhlukhmut.
Vikhit, next below the Kulchana (?).
Villages
Alaganik, with Ugslakmiut near the mouth of Copper River.
Batzulnetas, near upper Copper River where the trail for Tanana
River begins.
Liebigstag, on the left bank of Copper River, latitude 61- 57'
N., longitude 145- 45' W.
Miduuski, on the east bank of Copper River below the mouth of
Tonsina Creek.
Skatalis, near the mouth of Copper River, probably the original
Alaganik.
Skolai, on Nizina River near the mouth of Chitistone River,
latitude 61- 21' N., longitude 143- 17' W.
Slana, at the confluence of Slana and Copper Rivers.
Titlogat, probably of the Kulchana division. (Osgood above.)
Toral, on Copper River at the mouth of Chitina River.
History The mouth of Copper River was discovered by Nagaieff
in 1781, but expeditions into the interior met with such
consistent hostility on the part of the natives that for a long
time they were a simple record of failure. The attempts of
Samoylof in 1796, Lastochkin in 1798, Klimoffsky in 1819, and
Gregorief in 1844 all ended in the same way. Serebrannikof
ventured up the river in 1848, but his disregard for the natives
cost him his life and the lives of three of his companions. In
1882 after the cession of Alaska to the United States, a trader
named Holt ascended as Iar as Taral but on a subsequent visit he
was killed by the natives. In 1884 Lt. Abercrombie explored a
part of the river, and in 1885 a thorough exploration of the
whole region was made by Lt. Allen, who visited the Ahtena
villages on Copper River and on its principal tributaries. From
that time on intercourse between the river people and Whites has
been increasingly intimate.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated 500 Ahtena for the year
1740. Petroff (1884) placed their numbers in 1880 at not more
than 300. Allen (1887) gave 366 on the river and its branches.
The census of 1890 returned 142, and that of 1910, 297. In 1920
the total native population of Alaska speaking Athapascan
dialects was 4,657; in 1930, 4,935.
Aleut. A name of unknown origin but traced with some plausibility
to the Chukchi word aliat, meaning "island," which is supposed to
have been bestowed upon the inhabitants of the Aleutian Islands
through a misunderstanding. Also called:
Takhayuna. Knaiakhotana, name according to Petroff (1884).
U-nung'un, own name, according to Dall (1886).
Connections.- The Aleut constituted the only widely divergent
branch of the Eskimauan linguistic stock, the remainder of the
tongues of that family being closely related.
Location.- On the Aleutuian Islands, the Shumagin Islands, and
the western part of Alaska Peninsula.
Subdivisions
There were two main subdivisions distinguished by difference in
dialect: (1) the Atka, on Andreanof, Rat. and Near Islands; and
(2) the Unalaska on the Fox and Shumagin Islands and Alaska
Peninsula.
Villages
I. Atka Division
Attu, on Holt Bay (Chichagof Harbor ?), Attu Island.
Korovinski, at Korovin Bay, on Atka Island.
Nazan, on Atka Island.
Unalga, on Unalga Island, Andreanof group;
The following ruined places on the single island of Agattu:
Agonakagna. Atkulik Atkigvin, Hachimuk, Hamnulik, Hanilik,
Hapkug, Higtiguk, Hilksuk, Ibin, Imik, Iptugik, Isituchi,
Kakuguk, Kamuksusik, Kaslukug, Kigsitatok, Kikchik, Kikun,
Kimituk, Kitak, Kuptagok, Magtok, Mukugnuk, Navisok, Siksatok,
Sunik, Ugiatok, Ugtikun, Ugtumuk, Ukashik.
II. Unalaska Division:
Akutan, on Akutan Island, close to Unalaska Island.
Avatanak, on Avatanak Island, between Unalsska and Unimak
Islands.
Belkofski, near the end of Alaska Peninsula.
Biorka, on Piorka Island near Unalaska.
Chernofski, on Unalaska Island.
Eider, on Captain Bay, Unalaska Island.
Iliuliuk, on Unalaska Island.
Kashiga, on Unalaska Island.
Korovinski, on Korovin Island.
Makushin, on Makushin Bay, Unalaska Island.
Mashlk, at Port Moller, Alaska Peninsula.
Morzhovoi, at the end of Alaska Peninsula, formerly at the
head of Morzhovoi and later on Traders Cove which opens into
Isanotski Bay.
Nateekin, on Nateekin Bay, Unalaska Island.
Nikolaief, on Alaska Peninsula north of Belkofski.
Nikolski, on Unmak Island.
Pavlof, at Selenie Point, Pavlof Bay, Alaska Pensinsula.
Pogromni, near Pogromni volcano, on the north shore of
Unimak Island.
Popof, at Pirate Cove, Popof Island, one of the Shumagins.
Saint George, on St. George Island, Pribilof group.
Saint Paul, on Saint Paul Island, Pribilof group.
Sannak, on Sannnk Island.
Unga, on Unga Island, Shumagin group.
Vossnessenski, on Vossnessenski Island, in the Shumagin
group.
Villages reported by later writers:
Agulok, on Unalaska Island.
Akun, on Akun Island, between Unalaska and Unimak.
Artelnof, on Akun Island.
Beaver, on Unalaska Island.
Chaliuknak, on Beaver Bay, Unalaska Island.
Ikolga, on Unalaska Island.
Imagnee, on Summer Bay, Unalaska Island.
Itchadak, on one of the east Aleutian Islands.
Kalekhta, on Unalaska Island.
Kutchlok, on Unalaska Island.
Riechcsni, on Little Bay, Akun Island in the Krenitzin group.
Seredka, on Seredka Bay in Akun Island.
Sisaguk, on Unimak Island.
Takamitka, on Unalaska Island.
Tigalda, on Tigalda Island, one of the east Aleutians.
Totchikala, on Unalaska Island.
Tulik, on Umnak Island, near a volcano of the same name.
Ugamitzi, on Unalaska Island.
Uknodok, on Hog Island, Captains Bay, Unalaska.
Veselofski, at Cape Cheerful, Unalaska.
History.- The Aleut became known to the Russians immediately
after the voyages of Chirikoff and Bering in 1741, the
discovery of the islands themselves being attributed to Mikhail
Nerodchikof, September 1745. Though the natives at first resisted
the exactions of the foreign traders with courage, their darts
were no match for firearms, and they were not only cruelly
treated themselves but were forced into the service of their
masters as allies in attacks upon more distant peoples. It is
said they were soon reduced to one tenth of their former numbers.
In 1794-1818 the Russian Government interfered to protect them
from exploitation, and their condition was somewhat improved, but
most of the improvement they experienced at Russian hands was due
to the noted missionary Veniaminoff, who began his labors in
1824. Through his efforts and those of his fellow missionaries of
the Greek Church, all of the Aleut were soon converted, and they
were to some extent educated. In 1867 they, with the rest of the
population of Alaska, passed under the control of the United
States.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that in 1740 there were
16,000 Aleut. Veniaminoff (1840) gave the Atka population as 750
in 1834 and the Unalaska population as 1,497. In 1848 Father
Shaiesnekov enumerated 1,400 all told, a figure which was reduced
to 900 as a result of the smallpox epidemic of that year. Dall
(1877) estimated that there were about 2,000, and according to
the census of 1890 there were 1,702, including 734 mixed-bloods.
The census of 1910 returned 1,451. The native Alaskan population
speaking Eskimauun dialects was 13,698 in 1920 and 19,028 in
1930.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The name of the
Aleut is perpetuated in that of the Aleutian Islands, and from
their language is derived the word Alaska, applied to Alaska
Territory, and to Alaska Peninsula, which such a large number of
the Aleut inhabit.
Dihai-kutchin. Signifying "Kutchin farthest downstream."
Connections.- The Dihai-kutchin were a band or tribe of the
Kutchin division of the Athapascan linguistic stock. They are
added to Osgood's (1936) list of true Kutchin tribes on the
authority of Robert McKennan (1935).
Location.- The Dihai-kutchin lived about the north fork of
Chandalar River, and the Middle and South Forks of the Koyokuk
River, Alaska.
Population.- The Dihai-kutchin were never numerous and are now
extinct as a separate body of Indians.
Eskimo. All of the coast lands of Alaska from Kayak Island near
the mouth of Copper River to the Canadian boundary on the Arctic
coast were fringed with Eskimo settlements except the upper end
of Cook Inlet and that part of Alaska Peninsula which, with the
Aleutian Islands, was occupied by the cognate Aleut. (See Aleut
and Canada.)
Haida. A part of this tribe settled on Prince of Wales and Dall
Islands early in the eighteenth century and are locally known as
Kaigani. (See Haida under Canada.) The Kaigani population
in 1910 numbered 530; in 1920, 524; and in 1930, 588.
Han. Signifying "those who dwell along the river."
Connections.- Athapascan linguistic stock.
Location.- The Yukon River drainage between latitude 64 and 66
N., in east central Alaska and Yukon Territory, Canada.
Subdivisions
Katshikotin or Eagle group (about the village of Eagle on Yukon
River), including Johnny's Village and probably also Charlie's
age or Tadush (near the mouth of Kandik River) Takon of Nuklako
(centering at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon Rivers),
and perhaps a third, Fetutlin (near the mouth of Forty Mile
Creek.).
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 200 Han in
1740.
Ingalik. Name given by the Eskimo but widely used as applied to
these Indians.
Connections.- The Ingalik were one of the western-most divisions
of the Athapascan linguistic stock.
Location.- Between Anvik and Holy Cross on the lower Yukon River,
including the drainage of the Anvik River and the region
southeast to the Kuskokwim River, including its drainage above
Georgetown.
Subdivisions
Osgood (1934) makes the following subdivisions:
(1) Anvik-Shageluk group, centering around the villages bearing
these names.
(2) Bonasila group, centering around the village of the same
name.
(3) Holy Cross-Georgetown group, centering around the villages
bearing those names.
(4) McGrath group, the people of the drainage of the upper
Kuskokwim River; this group somewhat arbitrarily constructed.
Villages Reported in this Area
Akmiut, a little above Kolmakof on Kuskokwim River.
Anvik, at the junction of Anvik and Yukon Rivers.
C'hagvagchat, near the headwaters of Anvik River.
Inselnostlinde, on Shageluk River.
Intenleiden, on the east bank of Shageluk River.
Khugiligichakat, on Shageluk River.
Khunanilinde, near the headwaters of Kuskokwim River.
Koserefski, on the left bank of the Yukon near the mouth of
Shageluk Slough, later an Ikogmiut Eskimo village.
Kuingshtetakten, on Shageluk River.
Kvigimpainag, on the east bank of the Yukon River, 20 miles from
Kvikak.
Nnpai, on the north bank of Kuskokwim River.
Palshikatno, on Innoko River.
Tigshelde, on Innoko River.
Tlegoshitno, on Shageluk River.
Vagitchitchate, near the mouth of Innoko River.
Population.- (See Ahtena.)
Koyukon. A contraction of Koyukukhotana, "people of Koyukuk
River."
Connections.- The Koyukon belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock.
Location.- On the drainage of the Yukon River south of the mouth
of the Tanana to about latitude 63 N., including the drainage of
the Innoko River north of the latitude named, and of the Koyukuk
River in west central Alaska.
Subdivisions
Kaiyuhkhotana, on Yukon River between the Anvik and Koyukuk,
including the drainage of Innoko River north of latitude 63 N.
Koyukukhotana, the drainage of the Koyukuk River.
Yukonikhotana, the drainage of Yukon River south of the mouth of
the Tanana to the mouth of the Koyukuk.
Villages
(1) Kaiyuhkhotana villages:
Anilukhtakpak, on Innoko River.
Chinik, on the east bank of Yukon River at the junction with
the Talbiksok.
Iktigalik, on Unalaklik River.
Innoka, on Tlegon River.
Ivan, on the divide between Unalaklik and Yukon Rivers.
Kagogagat, on the north hank of Yukon River at the mouth of
Medicine Creek.
Kaiakak, on the west bank of Yukon River.
Kaltag, on the left bank of Yukon River.
Khogoltlinde, on Yukon River.
Khulikakat, on Yukon River.
Klamaskwaltin, on the north hank of Yukon River near the
mouth of Kaiyuh River.
Kunkhogliak, on Yukon River.
Kutul, on Yukon River 50 miles above Anvik.
Lofka, on the west bank of Yukon River.
Nulato, on the north bank of Yukon River about 100 miles
from Norton Sound.
Taguta, on the north bank of Yukon River 15 miles below the
mouth of the Kaiyuh.
Takaiak, east of Yukon River near Nulato.
Talitui, on Tlegon River.
Tanakot, on the right bank of Yukon River near the mouth of
Melozi River.
Terentief, on the Yukon below Koyukuk River.
Tutago, on Yukon River at the mouth of Auto River.
Wolasatux, on the east bank of Yukon River on a small stream
north of Kaiyuh River.
(2) Koyukukhotana villages:
Batza, on Batza River.
Bolshoigor, on Yukon River 25 miles above the mouth of
Koyukuk River.
Dotle, on Koyukuk River.
Hussliakatna, on the right bank of Koyukuk River, 2 miles
above the south end of Dall Island.
Kakliaklia, on Koyukuk River at the mouth of Ssukloseanti
River.
Kaitat, on an island in Yukon River not far from its
junction with Koyukuk River.
Kanuti, on Koyukuk River in latitude 66- 18 N.
Kautas, on Koyukuk River.
Kotil, at the junction of Kateel River with Koyukuk River.
Koyukuk, near the junction of Koyukuk and Yukon Rivers.
Mentokakat, on the left bank of Yukon River 20 miles above
the mouth of Melozi River.
Nohulchinta, on the South Fork of Koyukuk River 3 miles
above the junction.
Nok, on the west bank of Koyukuk River near its mouth.
Notaloten, on Yukon River 20 miles above the mouth of
Koyukuk River.
Oonignchtkhokh, on Koyukuk River.
Soonkakat, on the left bank of the Yukon River below Nulato.
Tnshoshgon, on Koyukuk River.
Tlialil, on Koyukuk River.
Tok, on an island at the junction of Koyukuk River with the
Yukon.
Zakatlatnn, on the north bank of Yukon River, in longitude
156- 30 W.
Zogliakten, on the east bank of Koyukuk River.
Zonagogliakten, on the east bank of Koyukuk River.
(3) Yukonikhotsna villages:
Chentansitzan, on the north bank of Yukon River 30 miles
below the mouth of Melozi River.
Medvednaia, on the south side of Yukon River.
Melozikakat, on Melozikakat River.
Noggai, on Yukon River.
Nowi, on the south side of Yukon River at the mouth of
Nowikakat River.
Tohnokalong, on the north bank of Yukon River in longitude
154- 25 W.
Tuklukyet, on the north bank of Yukon River 15 miles below
the mouth of Tozi River.
History.- Russian influences began to penetrate the country of
the Koyukon after the establishment of the Russian settlement of
Kodiak before any settlements had been made on the Kuskokwim or
Yukon. In 1538 the most important Russian settlement on the lower
Yukon was made at Nulato, and this was the center of one of the
very few native uprisings. The post was attacked by neighboring
Indians in 1851 and most of the inmates butchered. With American
ownership in 1867 the influences of civilization began to
increase, and the current was swollen still further by the
discovery of gold, though this last was hardly to the advantage
of the aborigines. (See Ahtena.)
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that there were 1,500
Koyukon in the year 1740. In 1890, 940 were returned.
Kutcha-kutchin. Signifying "those who dwell on the flats," called
Yukon Flats Kutchin by Osgood (1936). They have also been called
as follows, but the Eskimo terms are applicable to any Kutchin:
Fort Indians, Ross (MS).
Ik-kil-lin. Gilder quoted by Murdoch (1892).
Itchali, 11th Census, Alaska, p. 154.
It-ka-lya-ruin, Dall (1877, p. 30); Nuwukmiut Eskimo name.
Itkpe'lit, Petitot (1876, Vocab., p. 42).
Itku'dlin, Murdoch (1892).
Lowland people, Whymper (1868, p. 247).
Na-Kotchpo-tschig-Kouttchin, Petitot (1891, p. 361).
O-til'-tin, Dawson (1888, p. 202B).
Youkon Louchioux Indians, Ross (MS.).
Connections.- The Kutcha-kutchin were a tribe belonging to the
Kutchin division of the northern section of the Athapascan
linguistic family.
Location.- Along the valley of the Yukon from the widening of the
river a few miles above Circle to about Birch Creek below Fort
Yukon.
Villages
One at Fort Yukon and one at Senati, on the middle Yukon.
History.- The history of all the Kutchin tribes had best be
treated in one place. They were first brought into contact with
Europeans when Alexander Mackenzie met some of them in 1789
during his descent of the river which bears his name. This became
more intimate with the establishment of the first Fort Good Hope
in 1847. Until Alaska passed into the hands of the United States
practically all of the relations which the Kutchin tribes had
with Europeans were through the Hudson's Bay Company. Since then
influences from the west have been more potent. The discovery of
gold in the Klondike region and the rush which followed marked
the opening of a new era for these people, but one in which the
bad for a long time outweighed the good.
Population.-Mooney (1928) estimated that there were about 500
of these Indians in 1740. The Kutcha-kutchin and the
Tranjikkutchin may be put together as Kutchin in the census of
1910, which enters 359. The Hudson's Bay Co.'s census of 1858
gave 842 Kutchin belonging to six tribes as resorting to Fort
Yukon. Osgood (1936), who quotes this, believes that the entire
Kutchin population at that date might be set down at 1,200. (See
Ahtena.)
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Kutchin tribes
were noted for their greater energy and more warlike character,
as compared with neighboring Athapascans, and for a peculiar
three-caste system in their social organization.
Nabesna. From the name of Nabesna River, the meaning of which is
unknown.
Connections.- The Nabesna belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
family.
Location.- In the entire drainage area of the Nabesna and Chisana
Rivers, including the tributaries of the Tanana River, which they
form at their confluence, as far down as the Tok River; the upper
White River, including its tributaries the Beaver and the Snag,
and the headwaters of the Ladue; together an area roughly
enclosed between latitude 61- 31 and 63- 30 N. and longitude 141-
30 and 143- 30 W. (Dr. Robert C. McKennan through Osgood, 1936).
Subdivisions
According to McKennan (1935), including the following "extremely
fluid bands:"
(1) Ranged about Last Tetling Lake and the Tetling River.
(2) Ranged about the mouth of the Nabesna River.
(3) Ranged from the head of the Nabesna through the upper Chisana
River to the White.
(4) Ranged from Scottie Creek to the Snag.
The first of these evidently includes the Nutzotin of earlier
writers with their villages of Nandell near Wagner Lake and
Tetling, and the third the Santotin. Khiltats, at the mouth of
Nabesna River, must have belonged to the second division.
Villages
Allen (1887) mentions the village of Khiltats at the mouth of the
Nabesna River.
History.- White contact with these people was made in 1885 and a
settlement established at Chisana in 1913.
Niska. This is a tribe of the Chimmesyan linguistic family which
was just beyond the boundaries of Alaska to the southeast and at
times hunted over some of its territory. It belonged properly to
British Columbia. (See Canada.)
Natsit-kutckin. Signifying "those who dwell off the flats [i. e.,
Yukon River]." Also called:
Gens du Large, by Ross (MS), from which came the name of
Chandelar River.
Natche'-Kutehin, by Dall (1877, p. 430).
Neyetse-kutchi, by Richardson (1851, vol. 1, p. 399).
Tpe-ttckie-dhidie-Kouttchin, by Petitot (1891).
Connections.- The Natsit-kutchin were one of the tribes of the
Kutchin group of the northern division of the Athapascan
linguistic stock.
Location.- On Chandelar River.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated 200 Natsit-kutchin as of the
year 1740. The census of 1910 returned 177. (See Kutcha-kutchin.)
Tanaina. Own name, meaning "people" exclusive of Eskimo and
Europeans. Also called Knaiakhotana.
Connections.- The Tanaina belonged to the Athapascan linguistic
stock.
Location.- According to Osgood (1934): "The drainage of Cook
Inlet north of Seldovia (59- 20 N. lat.), the north half of
Iliamna Lake and its drainage, including Clark Lake. Since
contact, possibly slight incursions have been made into territory
formerly occupied by the Eskimo, notably Seklovia Bay and
portions of Iliamna Lake."
Subdivisions
Osgood (1936) gives the following:
(1) Lower Inlet (Seldovia and Kachemak Bay).
(2) Middle Inlet (Tustamena, Skilak, and Kenai Lakes and the
adjacent coast).
(3) Upper Inlet (Knik arm of Cook Inlet and its drainage).
(4) Susitns (Susitna River and drainage).
(5) Tyonek (west coastal region of Cook Inlet).
(6) Iliamna (region of the north part of Iliamna Lake and its
drainage).
(7) Clark Lake (the region about Clark Lake).
Villages
Chinila, on the east side of Cook Inlet near the mouth of Kaknu
River.
Chuitna (not given by Osgood), on Cook Inlet at the mouth of
Chuit River.
Eklutna, at the head of Knik Arm.
Iliamna, near the mouth of the Iliamna River.
Kasilof, on the east coast of Cook Inlet at the mouth of Kasilof
River.
Kasnatchin, at Anchor Point, Kenai Peninsula.
Kenai, on the east side of Cook Inlet at the mouth of Kaknu
River.
Kilchik (not noted by Osgood), on Lake Clark.
Knakatnuk, opposite Nitak on the west side of Knik Arm, at the
head of Cook Inlet.
Knik, near the mouth of Knik River.
Kultuk, on the east side of Cook Inlet near Nikishka.
Kustatan, on the west side of Cook Inlet below Tyonek.
Nikhkak, on Lake Clark.
Nikishka, near East Foreland at the head of Cook Inlet.
Ninilchik, on the east coast of Cook Inlet south of the mouth of
Kasilof River.
Nitak, on the east side of Knik Bay at the head of Cook Inlet and
near Eklutna.
Skilak, on the south side of Skilak Lake, Kenai Peninsula.
Skittok, on Kaknu River and forming part of the Kenai settlement.
Susitna, on Susitna River, Cook Inlet.
Titukilsk, on the east shore of Cook Inlet and near Nikishka.
Tyonek, on the west side of Cook Inlet.
Zdluiat, on the east side of Knik Bay south of Nitak
History. - Cook Inlet received its name from Captain Cook who
entered it in May 1778, but all of the natives met by him seem to
have been Eskimo. The Russian settlement of Kodiak in 1784
marked an important event for the history of the region because
the Russians, assisted by Aleut hunters, at once began to exploit
the animal wealth of the neighboring region, and Cook Inlet was a
principal scene of their activities. In July 1786, Portlock and
Dixon went to the very head of Cook Inlet and must have had
dealings with the Tanaina because they met with considerable
success in their trading operations. Captain Douglas visited the
inlet in 1788. Russian ownership gave place to ownership by the
United States in 1867, but Cook Inlet was exploited relatively
little until the railroad line was built from Seward to Fairbanks
and skirted the head of the inlet for many miles. The Tanaina
Indians were one of the last groups in Alaska to receive
attention from ethnologists.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that there were about 1,200
Tanaina in 1740. In 1818, 1,471 natives were enumerated in Cook
Inlet. In 1825 Baron Wrangell returned 1,299. Veniaminoff (1840)
gave 1,628 and in 1860 the Holy Synod returned 937. In 1869
Halleck and Colyer returned the grossly exaggerated estimate of
25,000. The census of 1880 returned 614 and that of 1890, 724.
Mooney estimated 890 in 1900. (See Ahtena.)
Tanana. Named from the Tanana River.
Connections.- The Tanana belonged to the northern division of the
Athapascan linguistic family. They were formerly erroneously
classed among the Kutchin tribes.
Location.- "The drainage of the lower Tanana River below the Tok
River, the region about the confluence of the Tanana and Yukon,
and the region along the latter river above the confluence."
[Osgood, 1936.]
Subdivisions and Villages
Clatchotin, on Tanana River.
Huntlatin, on Tanana River.
Minchumina Lake people, around the lake of that name.
Nuklukayet, a rendezvous for various tribes, on the north bank of
the Yukon just below the mouth of the Tanana.
Nukluktana, on Tanana River just below Tutlut River.
Tatsa, on Yukon River.
Tolwatin, on Tanana River.
Tozikakat, north bank of the Yukon at the mouth of Tozi River.
Tutlut, at the junction of Tutlut and Tanana Rivers.
Weare, at the mouth of Tanana River.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates a possible population of 500
in 1740 including the Nabesna. Richardson (1851) cut this
estimate to 100. Dall (1870) made it 500, Petroff (1884), 300-
700, Allen (1887) 600, the census of 1890, 373. In 1900, 370 were
given and by the census of 1910, 415. (See Ahtena.)
Tennuth-kutchin. Meaning "middle people." Also called:
Birch Creek Kutchin, Osgood (1934, p. 172).
Birch River Indians, Whymper (1868, p. 255).
Gens de Bouleaux, Dall (1870 p. 431).
Connections.- The Tennuth-Kutchin were a tribe of the Kutchin
group of the northern division of the Athapascan stock.
Location.- In the region of Birch Creek.
Population.- Mooney (1929) estimated that there were about 100
Tennuth-Kutchin in 1740. They have long been extinct having been
swept away in 1863, according to Dall (1870), by an epidemic of
scarlet fever. (See Kutcha-kutchin.)
Tlingit (literally Lingi't). Signifying "people," in their own
language. Also called:
Kolushan, a name given to them as a linguistic family by
Powell (1891), originally a Russian or Aleut term referring to
the labrets worn by their women.
Connections.- The Tlingit were originally constituted into one
linguistic stock by Powell, but show resemblances to the
Athapascan dialects and to Haida which have induced Sapir (1915)
to class the three together as the Na-dene. The exact nature of
the relationship is still disputed.
Location.- All of the coast and islands of Alaska from Yakutat
Bay inclusive southward with the exception of the southern ends
of Prince of Wales and Dall Islands and Annette Island, though
these latter have been alienated from them only in comparatively
recent times.
Subdivisions and Villages
Auk, on Stephens Passage and Douglas and Admiralty Islands,
including the following villages:
Anchguhlsu, opposite the north end of Douglas Island.
Tsantikihin, on the site of the present Juneau.
Chilkat, about the head of Lynn Canal, including these villages:
Chilkoot, on the northeast arm of Lynn Canal.
Deshu, at the head of Lynn Canal.
Dyea, at the modern place of the same name.
Katkwaahltu, on Chilkat River about 6 miles from its
mouth.
Klukwan on Chilkat River 20 miles from its mouth.
Skagway at the site of the modern town of that name at the
head of Lynn Canal.
Yendestake, at the mouth of Chilkat River.
Gonaho, at the mouth of Alsek River.
Hehl, on Behm Canal.
Henya or Hanega, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island
between Tlevak Narrows and Sumner Strait, including the following
villages:
Klawak, on the west coast of Prince of Wales Island.
Shakan, a summer village on the northwest coast of Prince
of Wales Island.
Tuxican, on a narrow strait on the northwest coast of
Prince of Wales Island.
Huna, on Cross Sound, encamping in summer northward beyond Lituya
Bay, with these villages:
Akvetskoe, a summer village on Lituya Bay.
Gaudekan, the chief town, now usually called Huna, in Port
Frederick on the north shore of Chichagof Island.
Hukanuwu, on the north side of Cross Sound between the
mainland and Chichagof Island.
Klughuggue, given by Petroff (1884) as a town on Chichagof
Island but probably identical with one given by Krause (1885) on
the opposite mainland, and perhaps the same as Tlushashakian.
Kukanuwu, on the north side of Cross Sound.
Tlushashakian, on the north side of the west entrance to
Cross Sound.
Hutsnuwu, on the west and south coasts of Admiralty Island, with
these villages:
Angun, north of Hood Bay, Admiralty Island.
Killisnoo, on Killisnoo Island near Admiralty Island.
Nahltushkan, on Whitewater Bay, on the west coast of
Admiralty Island.
Kake, on Kupreanof Island, the designation being sometimes
extended to cover Kuiu and Sumdum, and including a village of the
same name.
Kuiu, on Ruiu Island, with a village of the same name in
Port Beauclerc.
Sanya, about Cape Fox, their village being called Gash, at
Cape Fox.
Sitka, on the west coasts of Baranof and Chichagof islands, with
these villages:
Dahet.
Keshkunuwu.
Kona.
Kushtahekdaan.
Old Sitka, a summer camp on Baranof Island.
Sitka, site of the modern town.
Tlanak.
Tluhaiyikan, as indicated by the native word straight
opposite Mount Edgecombe.
Silver Bay, a summer camp.
Stikine, on Stikine River and the neighboring coasts, with these
villages:
Kahltcatlan, a place called also Old Wrangell.
Katchanaak, on the site of modern Wrangell.
Shakes' Village, on Etolin Island.
Sumdum, at Port Houghton, the village and location being the
same. Taku, on Taku River and Inlet, Stevens Channel, and
Gatineau Channel, with the following villages:
Sikanasankian, on Taku Inlet.
Takokakaan, at the mouth of Taku River, as the name itself
implies.
Tongass, at the mouth of Portland Canal, on the north side, with
a village of the same name on Tongass Island, Alexander
Archipelago. Yakutat, principally about Yakutat Bay but extending
westward in later times to the mouth of Copper River, including
these villages:
Chilkat, a village or group of villages on Controller Bay.
Gutheni, north of Dry Bay.
Hlahayik, on Yakutat Bay behind an island called Hlaha
which gave it the name.
Yakutat, on Yakutat Bay.
History.- According to native tradition, some Tlingit families
came into their present territories from the coast further south
while others entered from the interior. In 1741 Chirikoff and
Bering discovered the Tlingit country, and they were soon
followed by other Russian explorers as well as by explorers and
traders from Mexico, England, France, and New England. Among the
noteworthy events of this period was the visit of La Perouse to
Lituya Bay in 1786 and the tragic loss of two of his boats loaded
with men in the tide rips at its entrance. In 1799 the Russians
built a fort near the present Sitka. In 1802 the Sitka Indians
rose upon this post, killed part of its inmates, and drove the
rest away, but 2 years later Baranoff drove them from their fort
in turn and established on its site a post which grew into the
present Sitka, the capital successively of Russian America and
Alaska Territory until 1906. Russian rule was so harsh that there
were frequent outbreaks among the natives so long as the
territory remained under their control. In 1836 to 1840 occurred
a terrible epidemic of smallpox, brought up from the Columbia
River, which swept away hundreds of Indians. In 1840 the Hudson's
Bay Company took a lease from the Russian American Company of all
their lands between Cape Spencer and latitude 54-40 N. In 1867
the Tlingit were transferred with the rest of the Alaskan people
to the jurisdiction of the United States and since then they have
been suffering ever more rapid transformation under the
influences of western civilization.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that there were 10,000
Tlingit in 1740. Veniaminoff (1840) gave 5,850 for the year 1835,
and an enumeration made by Sir James Douglas 4 years later showed
5,455 exclusive of the Yakutat. In 1861 Lt. Wehrman of the
Russian Navy reported 8,597 as the result of a census. Petroff
(1884) in the census of 1880 gave 6,763, but the census of 1890
showed only 4,583, not counting the Tlingitized Ugalakmiut. The
census of 1910 returned 4,426; that of 1920, 3,895; and that of
1930, 4,462.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Russian capital
and the first American territorial capital Sitka was on Tlingit
land, as is the later and present territorial capital Juneau. The
ports of this tribe, especially those in the Chilkat country,
figured prominently in the great Klondike rush.
Tranjik-kutchin. Signifying "one who dwells along the river
[i.e., the Black River]." Also called:
Black River Kutchin, by Osgood (1936).
Cache River People, by Cadzow (1925).
Connections.- The Tranjik-kutehin belonged to the Kutchin group
of tribes of the northern division of the Athapascan linguistic
stock.
Location.- In the country around Black River.
History.- (See Kutcha-kutchin.)
Population.- (See Kutcha-kutchin.)
Tsimshian. The home of the Tsimshian is on Skeena River, British
Columbia, and the coast to the southward. In 1887, however,
Rev. William Duncan, missionary of the Church of England at
Metlakatla, 15 miles south of Port Simpson, having become
involved in difficulties with his superiors, moved to Annette
Island, Alaska, with the greater part of the Indians who had been
under his charge. A grant of land was subsequently obtained from
the United States Government, and the Tsimshian have continued in
occupancy. The census of 1910 reported 729; that of 1920, 842;
and that of 1930, 845. (See Canada.)
Vunta-kutchin. Signifying "those who dwell among the lakes."
Also called:
Crow River Kutchin, by Osgood (1934, p. 173), from a stream
in their country.
Gens des Rats, by Dall (1877, p. 31).
Rat People, by Dall (1869, p. 261).
Zjen-ta-Kouttchin, by Petitot (1891, p. 361), meaning
"muskrat people," a name probably based on a legend, though a
tributary of the Porcupine is called Rat River.
Connections.- The Vunta-kutchin are one of the group of Kutchin
tribes belonging to the northern division of the Athapascan
linguistic family.
Location.- On the middle course of Porcupine River and the
country to the northward, including Old Crow Creek.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimated that the Vunta-Kutchin
together with the Tukkutih-kutchin, and "Tutcone-kutchin"
comprised a population of 2,200 in 1670, but they had been
reduced to 1,700 in 1906 and the census of 1910 returned only 5
under this name by itself. (See Kutcha-kutchin.)
Arizona -
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Apache. Bands of Apache occupied the Gila River region in Arizona
within historic times and periodically overran much of the
territory of the State. (See New Mexico.)
Cocopa. Significance of name unknown.
Connections.- The Cocopa belong to the Yuman linguistic family
a branch of the Hokan stock.
Location.- About the mouth of Colorado River. (See also Mexico.)
Subdivisions
River Cocopa and Mountain Cocopa. Cuculato and Llagas are also
mentioned, the latter a name applied by the Spaniards to a group
of villages.
Villages
Gifford (1923) reports as follows: "Settlement sites on W. bank
of Colorado from Hardy confluence N. (when river flowed near
Colonia, Lerdo): 1, A'u'ew-awa 2, Kwinyakwa'a; 3, Yishiyul,
settlement of Halyikwamai in 1848; 4, Heyauwah, 5 miles N. of
Yishiyul and opposite Colonialerdo (8 hours' slow walk from
Colorado-Hardy confluence); 5, Amanyochilibuh; 6, Esinyamapawhai
(Noche Buena of the Mexicans)." There was also a town called
Hauwala below or above No. 5.
"Settlement sites on W. bank of Hardy from confluence N: 1,
Karukhap; 2 Awiahamoka; 3, Numischapsakal; 4, Eweshespil, 5,
Tamanikwawa. (meaning 'mullet (tamanik) place') on lagoon 4 or 5
miles SE of Cocopah mts; 6, awikukapa (Cocopa mt.); 10, Welsul;
11, Awisinyai, northernmost Cocopa village, about 5 miles S. of
Mexicali.
"Lumholtz (p. 251) lists following Cocopa settlements in the
first decade of 20th century; Noche Buena (20 families), Mexical
(40-50 families), Pescador (15 families), Pvzo Vicente (more than
100 families)."
History.- Without question this tribe was first met by Hernando
de Alarcon in 1540. They are mentioned by Onate in 1604-5, by
Kino in 1701-2 under the name "Hogiopas," and by Francisco Garces
in 1776. Most of their territory was outside of the limits of the
United States, but a small part of it passed under United States
Government control with the Gadsden Purchase. Those Cocopa who
remained on the northern side of the International Boundary were
placed on the Colorado River Reservation.
Population.- Garces estimated 3,000 in 1776. In 1857 Heintzelman
placed the former strength of the tribe at about 300 warriors.
There are now said to be 800 in northern Baja California. There
were 99 in the United States in 1930, and 41 in 1937.
Halchidhoma. Significance unknown.
Connections.- The Halchidhoma belonged to the Yuman branch of
the Hokan linguistic stock and are said to have spoken the same
language as the Yuma tribe and to have been closely connected
also with the Maricopa.
Location.- At various points On the Colorado River near the mouth
of the Gila. (See also California.)
Villages
Asumpcion, a group of villages on or near the Colorado River, in
California, more than 50 miles below the mouth of Bill Williams
Fork.
Lagrimas de San Pedro, a group of villages in the neighborhood of
Asumpcion.
San Antonio, in the same general location as Lagrimas but only 35
or 40 miles below the mouth of Bill Williams Fork.
Santa Coleta, a group of villages in the same region as Asumpcion
and Lagrimas de San Pedro.
History.- The Halchidhoma were probably encountered by Alarcon
in 1540, though he does not mention them. In 1604-5 Onate found
them occupying eight villages on the Colorado below the mouth of
the Gila; Father Eusebio Eino in 1701-2 came upon them above the
Gila, and by Garces' time (1776) their villages were scattered on
both sides of the Colorado, beginning about 38 miles below Bill
Williams' Fork nnd extending the same distance downstream. Later
they moved farther north, along with the Kohuana, but were soon
forced downstream again by the Mohave and ultimately took refuge
with the Maricopa on Gila River, by whom they were ultimately
absorbed.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates 3,000 in 1680, but this is
evidently based on Garces figure of 2,500 in 1776, which Kroeber
(1920) believes much too high. Kroeber suggests about 1,000 as of
the year 1770.
Halyikwamai. Significance unknown. Also spelled Jallicumay,
Quigyuma, Tlalliguamayas, Kikima (by Mason, 1940), and in
various other ways.
Connections.- The Halyikwamai belonged to the Yuman linguistic
stock, their dialect being reported as close to Cocopa and
Kohuana.
Location.- (See History.)
Villages
Presentacion, probably Quigyumn, on the west side of the Colorado
River, in Baja California.
San Casimiro, probably on the east bank of the Colorado River,
above tidewater, in northwest Sonora, Mexico.
San Felk de Valois, apparently on the east bank of the Rio
Colorado, between its mouth and the junction of the Gila,
probably about the present Arizona-Sonora boundary Tine.
San Rudesindo, probably on the east bank of the Colorado River,
just above its mouth, in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Santa Rosa, a group of villages on the eastern side of the lower
Rio Colorado, about latitude 32- 18' N., in northwestern Sonora,
Mexico.
History.- The Halyikwamai were discovered in 1540 by Alarcon,
who calls them Quicama. In 1604-5 Onate found them in villages on
the Colorado River below the mouth of the Gila River and above
the Cocopa Indians. In 1762 they dwelt in a fertile plain, 10 or
12 leagues in length, on the eastern bank of the Colorado, and
here they were found by Father Garces in 1771 in a group of
villages which he named Santa Rosa. By 1775, when he revisited
the tribe, they had moved to the west side of the river, their
first villages on the north being in the vicinity of Ogden's
Landing, about latitude 32- 18' N., adjacent to the Kohuana. It
is probable that they were finally absorbed by the Cocopa or some
other Yuman people.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates a population for the
Halyikwamai in 1680 of 2,000, which is Garces' estimate in 1775.
Ohate estimated 4,000-5,000 in 1605, but all of these figures are
probably much too high.
Havasupai. Signifying "blue (or green) water people," abbreviated
into Supai. Also called.
Ak'-ba-su'-pni, Walapai form of name.
Ka'nfna, Coconino, Cosnino, Kokonino, Zuni name said to have
been borrowed from the Hopi and to signify "pinon nut people."
Nation of the Willows, so called by Cushing.
Yabipai Jabesua, so called by Garces in 1776.
Connections.- The Havasupai belong to the Yuman branch of the
Hokan linguistic stock, being most closely connected with the
Walapai, and next with the Yavapai.
Location.- They occupy Cataract Canyon of the Colorado River,
northwestern Arizona.
History.- The nucleus of the Havasupai Tribe is believed to have
come from the Walapai. The Cosnino caves on the upper Rio Verde,
near the northern edge of Tonto Basin, central Arizona, were
named for them, from a traditional former occupancy. Garces may
have met some of these Indians in 1776, but definite notices of
them seem to be lacking until about the middle of the last
century. Leroux (1888) appears to have met one of this tribe in
1851, and since then they have come increasingly to the knowledge
of the Whites.
Population. Mooney (1928) estimates about 300 Havasupai in
1680, but Spier (1928) believes this figure somewhat too high. In
1869, 300 were reported; in 1902, 233; in 1905, 174; in 1910,
174; and in 1923, 184. In 1930, with the Walapai and Yavapai,
they numbered 646. In 1937 the number estimated was 208.
Hopi. Contracted from their own name Hopitu, "peaceful ones,"
or Hopitu-shfnumu, "peaceful all people." Also called:
A-ar-ke, or E-ar'-ke, Apache nnme, signifying "live high up
on top of the mesas."
Ah-mo-kai, Zuni name.
Ai-yah-kln-nee, Navaho name.
A'-mu-kwi-kwe, Zuni name, signifying "smallpox people."
Asay or Osay, by Bustamante and Gallegos (1582).
Bokeal, Sandia Tiwa name.
Buhk'herk, Isleta Tiwa name for Tusayan.
Bukln, Isleta name for the people.
Eyanlni dine, Navaho name (Gatschet).
Hapekn, a Zuni name, referring to excrement.
Joso, Tewa name.
Khoso, Santa Clara name.
Kosho, Hano Tewa name.
K'o-so-o, San Ildefonso Tewa name.
Maastoetsjkwe, given by Ten Kate, signifying "the land of
Masawe," god of the earth, given as the name of their country.
Mastute'kwe, same as preceding.
Moki, signifying "dead" in their own language, but probably
from some other, perhaps a Keresan dialect.
Topin-keua, said to be a Zuni name of which Tontonteac is a
corruption.
Tusayan, name of the province in which the Hopi lived, from
Zuni Usayakue, "people of Usaya," Usaya referring to two of the
largest Hopi villages.
Whiwunai, Sandia Tiwa name.
Connections.- The Hopi constitute a peculiar dialectic division
of the Shoshonean branch of the Uto-Aztecan linguistic family,
and they are the only Shoshonean people, so far as known, who
ever took on a Pueblo culture, though the Tanoans are suspected
of a remote Shoshonean relationship.
Location.- On Three Mesas in northeastern Arizona.
Towns
Awatobi (destroyed), on a mesa about 9 miles southeast of Walpi.
Hano, occupied by Tewa (see Tewa Pueblos under New Mexico).
Homolobi, near Winslow, was formerly occupied by the ancestors of
various Hopi clans.
Kisakobi, at the northwest side of the East Mesa.
Kuchaptuvela, on the terrace of the First or East Mesa below the
present Walpi village.
Mishongnovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Moenkapi, about 40 miles northwest of Oraibi, a farming village
of Oraibi.
Oraibi, on the Third or West Mesa.
Shipaulovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Shongopovi, on the Second or Middle Mesa.
Sichomovi, on the First or East Mesa.
Walpi, on the First or East Mesa.
Kisatobi and Kuchaptuvela were successively occupied by the
ancestors of the Walpi before the later Walpi was built.
History.- According to tradition, the Hopi are made up of
peoples who came from the north, east, and south. Their first
contact with Europeans was in 1540, when Coronado, then at Zuni,
sent Pedro de Tobar and Fray Juan de Padilla to visit them. They
were visited by Antonio de Espejo in 1583, and in 1598 Juan de
Onate, governor and colonizer of New Mexico, made them swear
fealty and vassalage to the King of Spain. In 1629 a Franciscan
mission was established at Awatobi, followed by others at Walpi,
Shongopovi, Mishongnovi, and Oraibi. These were destroyed in the
general Pueblo outbreak of 1680, and an attempt to reestablish a
mission at Awatobi in 1700 led to its destruction by thc other
pueblos. The pueblos of Walpi, Mishongnovi, and Shongopovi, then
situated in the foothills, were probably abandoned about the time
of the rebellion, and new villages were built on the adjacent
mesas for defense against a possible Spanish attack which did not
materialize. After the reconquest of the Rio Grande pueblos by
Vargas, some of the people who formerly occupied them fled to the
Hopi and built a pueblo called Payupki on the Middle Mesa. About
the middle of the eighteenth century, however, they were taken
back and settled in Sandia. About 1700 Hano was established on
the East Mesa, near Walpi, by Tewa from near Abiquerque, N.M., on
the invitation of the Walpians. About the time when the Payupki
people returned to their old homes, Sichomovi was built on the
First Mesa by clans from the Rio Grande, and Shipaulovi was
founded by a colony from Shongopovi. The present Hopi Reservation
was set aside by Executive order on December 16, 1882.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates a Hopi population of 2,800
in 1680. In 1890 the population of Oraibi was 905, and in 1900
the other pueblos (exclusive of Hano) had 919. In 1904 the total
Hopi population was officially given as 1,878. The Census of 1910
returned 2,009, apparently including Hano, and the Report of the
United States Indian office for 1923 gave 2,336. The United
States Census of 1930 returned 2,752. In 1937 there were 3,248)
including the Tewan Hano.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The Hopi are noted
as a tribe Shoshonean in language but Puebloan in culture, and
also deserve consideration as one of the Pueblo divisions to
which particular attention has been paid by ethnologists,
including Fewkes, the Stevensons, Hough, Voth, Forde, Lowie, etc.
Great popular attention has been drawn to them on account of the
spectacular character of the Snake Dance held every 2 years.
Kohuana. Significance unknown. Also given as Cajuenche, Cawina,
and Quokim.
Connetions.- The Kohuana belonged to the Yuman branch of the
Hokan linguistic stock, spoke thc Cocopa dialect, and were also
closely connected with the Halyikwamai.
Location.- In 1775-76 the Kohuana lived on the east bank of the
Colorado River below the mouth of the Gila, next to the
Halyikwamai, their villages extending south to about latitude
32- 33' N., and into southern California, at about latitude
33- 08' N., next to the eastern Diegueno. (See also Mexico.)
Villages
Merced, a group of rancherias in northeastern Baja California,
west of the Colorado and 4 leagues southwest of Santa Olalla, a
Yuma village.
San Jacome, probably Cajuenche, near the mountains, about
latitude 33- 8' N., in southern California.
San Sebastian, Cajuenche or Diegueffo, in southern California,
latitude 33- 8' N., evidently at Salton Lake.
History.- The Kohuana are the Coana mentioned by Hernando de
Alarcon, who ascended the Colorado River in 1540. Juan de Onate
visited them in 1604-5, and they are probably the Cutganas of
Kino (1701-2), while Francisco Gares in 1776 reported that they
were numerous and at enmity with the Cocopa. From Mohave
tradition, it appears that at n somewhat later period they lived
along the river near Parker together with the Halchidhoma, whom
they followed to the fertile bottom lands higher up. Later the
Mohave crowded them southward but still later compelled them to
return to the Mohave country where they remained for 5 years. At
the end of that period they determined to go downstream again to
live with the Yuma; but, one of their number having been killed
by the Yuma, they joined the Maricopa, with whom they ultimately
became merged.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 3,000
Kohuana in 1680, the figure given by Garces in 1775-76. Kroeber
(1920) believes these estimates are too high. In 1851 Bartlett
reported 10 of this tribe living with the Maricopa, and,
according to a Mohave informant of Kroeber's, there were 36 about
1883.
Maricopa. Significance of the name unknown. Also called:
Atchihwa', Yavapai name (Gatschet 1877-92).
Coeomaricopa, an old form.
Cohpap, or Awo-pa-pa, Pima name.
Pipatsje, own name, signifying "people."
Si-ke-na, Apache name for Pima, Papago, and Maricopa,
signifying "living in sand houses."
Ta'hba, Yavapai name (Gatschet, 1877-92).
Tchihogasat, Havasupai name.
Widshi itikapa, Tonto name, also applied to Pima and Papago.
Connections.- The Maricopa belong to the Yuman linguistic stock,
a part of the Hokan family, and are said to be related most
closely to the Yuma tribe proper and the Halchidhoma.
Location.- On Gila River, with and below the Pima, to the mouth
of the river. Anciently they are said to have had some rancherias
in a valley west of the Colorado.
Villages
The following villages were all on the Gila River unless
otherwise specified:
Aicatum. San Bernadino, at Agua Caliente, near
Amoque. the Gila River, another place on the
Aopomue. river was called by the same name.
Aqui. San Geronimo, 20 leagues from Merced
Aquimundurech. and 27 leagues from the Gila River.
Aritutoc, on the north San Martin, on the Gila River west of
side at or near the the Great Bend.
present Oatman flat and
the Great Bend of
the river. San Rafael, probably Maricopa, in
Atiahigui. southern Arizona.
Aycate. Sasabac.
Baguiburisac, probably Shobotarcham.
Maricopa, near the
Gila River. Sibagoida, probably Maricopa,
Caborh. location uncertain
Caborica. Sibrepue.
Cant, probably Sicoroidag, on the Gila River
Maricopa, not far below Tucsani.
below the mouth of
Salt River.
Choutikwuchik. Soenadut.
Coat, probably Stucabitic.
Maricopa, location
uncertain. Sudac.
Cocoigui. Sudacsasaba.
Cohate. Tadeovadui.
Comarchdut. Tahapit.
Cusburidurch. Toa.
Cudurimuitac. Toaedut.
Dueztumac, about 120 Tota, probably Maricopa.
miles above the
mouth of the Gila. Tuburch.
Gohate. Tuburh, location uncertain.
Guias. Tubutavia.
Hinama, its people
now on the south Tucavi, perhaps identical
with Tucsani.
bank of Salt River
east of the Tucsani
Mormon settlement
of Lehi, Tucsasic.
Maricopa County. Tuesapit.
Hiyayulge. Tumac, said to have been the
Hueso Perado, with Pima, wester-most Maricopa village on
on the Pima and the Gila River.
Maricopa Reservation.
Khauweshetawes. Tuquisan.
Kwatchampedau. Tutomagoidag.
Norchean. Uitorrum, a group of rancherias on the
Noscario. south bank of the Gila River not
Oitac. far west of the Great Bend.
Ojiataibues. Uparch.
Pipiaca. Upasoitac, near the Great Bend of
Pitaya. Gila River.
Sacaton, mainly Pima, Urchaoztac.
on the Gila River about
22 miles east of Yayahaye.
Maricopa Station.
History.- The Maricopa are thought to have separated from the
Yuma and to have moved slowly up the Colorado River to the lower
Gila River; or, as later history would indicate, they may have
been forced into this region by hostile tribes. They were
encountered by Juan de Onate in 1604-5, and by Kino in 1701-2.
From 1775 until recent times they were at war with the Yuma, and
in 1857, in alliance with the Pima, they inflicted a severe
defeat upon the Yuma near Maricopa Wells. A reservation was set
apart for the Maricopa and Pima by Act of Congress February 28,
1859; it was enlarged by Executive order of August 31, 1876, but
was revoke and other lands were set apart by Executive order of
June 14, 1879. This was again enlarged by Executive orders May 5,
1882, and November 15, 1883. No treaty was ever made with them.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 2,000
Maricopa in 1680. Venegas (1758) says that in 1742 there were
about 6,000 Pima and "Cocomaricopa" on Gila River, and in 1775
Garces estimates a population of 3,000 Maricopa. In 1905 there
were 350 under the Pima School Superintendent. The census of 1910
gives 386, and the Report of the United States Indian Office for
1923, 394. The census of 1930 returned 310, and thc Report of the
United States Indian Office of 1937, 339.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The name of the
Maricopa is preserved in that of Maricopa County, Ariz., and in
the name of a post village in Pinal County and another in Kern
County, Calif.
Mohave. From a native word "hamakhava," referring to the Needles
and signifying " three mountains." Also given as Amojave,
Jamajabs. Synonyms are:
Naks'-at, Pima and Papago name.
Soyopas, given by Font (1775).
Tzi-na-ma-a, given as their own name "before they came to
the Colorado River."
Wamakava, Havasupai name.
Wili idahapa, Tulkepaya name.
Connections.- The Mohave belonged to the Yuman linguistic family.
Location.- On both sides of the Colorado River- though chiefly
on the east side- between the Needles and the entrance to Black
Canyon.
Villages
Pasion, a group of rancherias on the east bank of the Colorado,
below the present Fort Mohave.
San Pedro, on or near the west bank of the Colorado, about 8
miles northwest of Needles, Calif.
Santa Isabel, a group of rancherias situated at or in the
vicinity of the present Needles.
History.- Possibly Alarcon may have reached the Mohave territory
in 1540. At any rate, Onate met them in 1604, and in 1775-76
Garces found them in the above-named villages. No treaty was made
with them by the United States Government, but by Act of March 3,
1865, supplemented by Executive orders in 1873, 1874, and 1876,
the Colorado River Reservation was established and it was
occupied by the Mohave, Chemehuevi, and Kawia.
Population.- Mooney (1928) gives, 3,000 Mohave in 1680, and
Kroeber (1925) the same as of 1770, the estimate made by Garces
in 1775-76. About 1834 Leroux estimated 4,000. In 1905 their
number was officially given as 1,589, of whom 508 were under the
Colorado River School Superintendent, 856 under the Fort Mohave
School Superintendent, 50 under the San Carlos Agency, and about
175 at Camp McDowell, on the Verde River. The Indians at Fort
Mohave and Camp McDowell, however, were apparently Yavapai,
commonly known as Apache Mohave. The census of 1910 gives
1,058 true Mohave. The United States Indian Office Report for
1923 seems to give 1,840, including Mohave, Mohave Apache, and
Chemehuevi. The census of 1930 returned 854, and the Report of
the United States Office of Indian Affairs for 1937, 856.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The name Mohave has
been preserved in the designation of the Mohave Desert and Mohave
River in California, and Mohave County, Ariz., and also in the
name of a post-village in Arizona. There is also a post village
named Mojave in Kern County, Calif.
Navaho. The Navaho occupied part of the northeastern section of
Arizona. (See New Mexico.)
Paiute. The southern or true Paiute occupied or hunted over some
of the northernmost sections of Arizona. (See Nevada.)
Papago. Signifying "bean people," from the native words papah,
"beans," and ootam, "people." Also called:
Saikinne, Si'-ke-na, Apache name for Pima, Papago, and
Maricopa.
Tah'b,a, Yavapai name.
Texpamais, Maricopa name.
Tono-oohtam, own name, signifying "people of the desert."
Vidshi itikapa, Tonto name.
Connections.- The Papago belong to the Piman-branch of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock and stand very close to the Pima.
Locution.- In the territory south and southeast of the Gila
River, especially south of Tucson the main and tributary valleys
of the Santa Cruz River; and extending west; and southwest across
the desert waste known as the Papagueria, into Sonora, Mexico.
Subdivisions and Villages
Aenchin, location uncertain.
Alcaide, probably in Pima County.
Ana, probably in Pima County.
Anicam, probably in Pima County.
Areitorae, south of Sonorita, Sonora, Mexico.
Ati, on the west bank of Rio Altar, between Uquitoa and Tubutama,
just south of the Arizona boundary.
Babasaqui, probably Papago, 3 miles above Imuris, between
Cocospera and Magdalena, Sonora, Mexico.
Bacapa, in northwestern Sonora, Mexico, slightly southeast of
Carrizal.
Baipia, slightly northwest of Caborca, probably on the Rio Altar,
northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Bajio, location uncertain.
Batequi east of the Rio Altar in northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Boca dei Arroyo, probably in Pima County.
Caborica, on the Gila River.
Caca Chimir, probably in Pima County.
Cahuabi, in Arizona near the Sonora border.
Canoa, between Tubac and San Xavier del Bac, on Rio Santa Cruz.
Casca, probably in Pima County.
Charco, probably identical with Chioro.
Chiora, probably in Pima County.
Chuba, location uncertain.
Coca, location uncertain.
Comohuabi, in Arizona on the border of Sonora, Mexico.
Cops, west of the Rio San Pedro, probably in the vicinity of the
present Arivaca, southwest of Tubac.
Cubac, in the neighborhood of San Francisco Atl, west from the
present Tucson.
Cuitoat, between San Xavier del Bac and the Gila River.
Cujant, in northwest Sonora, between the mouth of the Rio Gila
and Sonorita.
Cumaro, southern Arizona near the Sonora border.
Elogio, probably in Pima County.
Fresnal, probably in Pima County.
Guadalupe, about 10 leagues south of Areitorae.
Gubo, probably Papago, 13 leagues east of Sonorita, just below
the Arizona boundary.
Guitciabaqui, on the west bank of the Santa Cruz River, near the
present Tucson.
Juajona, near San Xavier del Bac, southern Arizona.
Junostaca, near San Xavier del Bac.
Macombo, probably in Pima County.
Mata, probably Papago, north of Caborica.
Mesquite, probably in Pima County.
Milpais, location uncertain.
Nariz, probably in Pima County.
Oapars, in Arizona between San Xavier del Bac and the Gila River.
Ocaboa, location uncertain.
Oisur, on the Santa Cruz River, 5 or 6 leagues north of San
Xavier del Bac, southern Arizona.
Onia, probably in Pima County.
Ooltan, in northwest Sonora, Mexico, 3 leagues northwest of
Busanic.
Otean, location uncertain.
Perigua, Arizona, south of the Gila River.
Perinimo, probably in Pima County.
Piato, probably the same as Soba, in the region of Tubutama and
Caborica, Sonora, Mexico.
Pitic, on the Rio Altar, northwest Sonora.
Poso Blanco, in Arizona south of the Gila River.
Poso Verde, south of the Arizona-Sonora boundary, opposite Oro
Blanco, Ariz.
Purificacion, probably Papago, near the Arizona-Sonora boundary,
12 leagues from Agua Escondida, probably in a southeasterly
direction.
Quitovaquita, on the headwaters of Rio Salado of Sonora, near the
Arizona-Sonora boundary line.
Raton, location uncertain.
San Bonifacio, probably Papago, south of the Gila River between
San Angelo and San Francisco, in the present Arizona.
San Cosme, probably Papago, directly north of San Xavier del Bac,
on the Santa Cruz River, Ariz.
San Ignacio, with Pima, on the north bank of Rio San Ignacio,
latitude 30- 45' N., longitude 111x W., Sonora, Mexico.
San Ildefonso, 4 leagues northwest of Caborica, Sonora, Mexico.
San Lazaro, probably Papago, on the Rio Santa Cruz in longitude
110- 30' W., just below the Arizona-Sonora boundary.
San Luis Babi, in northwest Sonora, Mexico, between Busanic and
Cocospera.
San Martin, probably Papago, on the Gila River, west of the Great
Bend of the Colorado.
San Rafael, in southern Arizona near the headwaters of the Rio
Salado of Sonors.
Santa Barbara, probably Papago, 4 miles southwest of Pusanic,
near the head-waters of the north branch of the Rio Altar, in
Sonora, Mexico.
Santa Rosa, south of the Gila River and west of Tucson.
Saric, probably Papago, on the west bank of Rio Altar, in
northern Sonora, Mexico.
Saucita, in southern Arizona.
Shuuk, or Pima, on the Gila River Reservation, southern Arizona.
Sierra Blanca, probably in Pima County.
Soba, a large body of Papago, including the villages of
Carborica, Batequi, Mats, Pitic, and San Ildefonso.
Sonoita, on the headwaters of the Rio Salado of Sonora, just
below the Arizona-Sonora boundary.
Tachilta, in southern Arizona or northern Sonora.
Tacquison, on the Arizona-Sonora boundary.
Tecolote, in southwestern Pima County, Ariz., near the Mexican
border.
Tubasa, probably on the Rio Santa Cruz River between San Xavier
del Bac and the Gila River, southern Arizona.
Tubutama, on the eastern bank of the northern branch of the Rio
Altar, in northwest Sonora, Mexico.
Valle, probably in Pima County.
Zuniga, probably Papago, in northwest Sonora, Mexico.
History.- Father Eusebio Kino was probably the first while man
to visit the Papago, presumably on his first expedition in 1694.
Their subsequent history has been nearly the same as that of the
Pima, except that they were not brought quite as much in contact
with the Whites.
Population.- Mooney (1928) places the number of Papago at 6,000
in 1680. In 1906 they were reported as follows: Under the Pima
School Superintendent, 2,233; under the farmer at San Xavier, 523
allottees on the reservation and 2,225 in Pima County. In
addition, 859 Papago were officially reported in Sonora, Mexico,
in 1900, probably an underestimate. In 1910, 3,798 were reported
in the United States, but the Report of the United States Indian
Office for 1923 gives 5,672; the 1930 census, 5,205; and the
Indian Office Report for 1937, 6,305.
Pima. Signifying "no" in the Nevome dialect and incorrectly
applied through misunderstanding by the early missionaries. Also
called:
A-a'tam, own name, signifying "people," or, to distinguish
them from the Papago, A'-a'tam a'kimult, "river people."
Nashteise, Apache name, signifying "live in mud houses."
Painya, probably name given by Havasupai.
Saikine, Apache name, signifying "living in sand (adobe)
houses," also applied to Papago and Maricopa.
Tex-pas, Maricopa name.
Tihokahans, Yavapai name
Widshi iti'kapa, Tonto-Yuma name.
Connections.- The Pima gave their name to the Piman linguistic
stock of Powell, which is now recognized to be a subdivision of
the great Uto-Aztecan stock, also including the Nahuatlan and
Shoshonean families. The tribes connected most intimately with
thc Pima were the Papago (see above) and the Quahatika (q. v.),
and after them the so-called Pima Bajo or Nevome of Mexico.
Location.- In the valleys of the Gila and Salt Rivers.
(See also Mexico.)
Subdivisions
Formerly the name Pima was applied to two tribes called
respectively the Pima Bajo and Pima Alto, but the former, living
chiefly in Sonora, Mexico, are now known as Nevome, the term Pima
being restricted to the Pima Alto.
Villages
Agua Escondida, probably Pima or Papago, southwest of Tubac,
southwestern Arizona.
Agua Fria, probably Pima, or. Gila River Reservation.
Aquitun, 5 miles west of Picacho, on the border of the sink of
the Santa Cruz River.
Aranca, two villages, location unknown.
Arenal, probably Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation, Gila
River.
Arivaca, west of Tubao.
Arroyo Grande, southern Arizona.
Bneuancos, 7 leagues south of the mission of Guevavi,
northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Bisani, 8 leagues southwest of Caborica, Sonora, Mexico.
Blackwater.
Bonostac, on the upper Santa Cruz River, below Tucson.
Busanic, southwest of Guevavi, near the Arizona-Sonora boundary,
latitude 31- 10' N. Longitude 111- 10' W.
Cachanila, probably Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation,
Ariz.
Casa Blanca, on the Gila.
Cerrito, probably Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation,
Ariz.
Cerro Chiquito, probably Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa
Reservation, Ariz.
Chemisez, on thc Gila.
Chupatak, in southern Arizona.
Chutikwuchik.
Chuwutukawutuk, in southern Arizona.
Cocospera, on the headwaters of the Rio San Ignacio, latitude
31 N., Sonora, Mexico.
Comac, on the Gila River, 3 leagues (miles?) below the mouth of
Salt River, Ariz.
Estancia, 4 leagues south of the mission of Saric, which was just
south of the Arizona boundary.
Gaibanipitea, probably Pima, on a hill on the west bank of the
San Pedro River, probably identical with the ruins known as Santa
Cruz, west of Tombstone, Ariz.
Gutubur, locality unknown.
Harsanykuk, at Sacaton Flats, southern Arizona.
Hermho, on the north side of Salt River, 3 miles from Mesa,
Maricopa County, Ariz.
Hiatam, north of Maricopa Station on the Southern Pacific R. R.,
southern Arizona.
Hormiguero, probably Pima, on the Pima and Maricopa Reservation,
Ariz.
Huchiltchik, below Santa Ana, on the north bank of the Gila.
Hueso Parado, with Maricopa, on the Pima and Maricopa
Reservation, Ariz.
Imuris, near the eastern bank of Rio San Ignacio, or Magdalena,
latitude 30- 50' N. longitude 110- 50' W., in the present Sonora,
Mexico.
Judac, on the Gila.
Kamatukwucha, at the Gila crossing.
Kamit, in southern Arizona.
Kawoltukwucha, west of the Maricopa and Phoenix R. R., in
Maricopa County, Ariz.
Kikimi, on the Gila River Reservation.
Kookupvansik, in southern Arizona.
Mange, on the Gila.
Merced, northeast of San Rafael, in what is now southern Arizona.
Nacameri, on the east bank of Rio Horcasitas, Sonora, Mexico.
Napeut, on the north bank of the Gila.
Ocuca, in Sonora, Mexico, near the Rio San Ignacio, northwest of
Santa Ana.
Oquitoa, on the Rio del Altar, northwestern Sonora, Mexico.
Ormejea, in southern Arizona.
Oskakumukchochikam, in southern Arizona.
Oskuk, on the Gila.
Peepchiltk, northeast of Casa Blanca, southern Arizona.
Pescadero, in northern Sonora, Mexico.
Petaikuk, in southern Arizona.
Pitac, on the Gila.
Potlapigua, about Babispe, Baserac, and the frontier in Sonora,
Mexico, but this was Opata territory.
Remedios, a mission on the San Ignacio branch of the Rio
Asuncion, in Sonora, Mexico.
Rsanuk, about 1 mile east of Sacaton Station, on the Maricopa and
Phoenix R. R., southern Arizona.
Rsotuk, northwest of Casa Blanca, southern Arizona.
Sacaton, on the Gila, about 22 miles east of Maricopa Stalion and
16 miles north of Casa Grande Station on the Southern Pacific R.
R., Ariz.
San Andres Coata, near the junction of the Gila and Salado
Rivers, Ariz.
San Fernando, 9 leagues east of the ruins of Casa Grande, near
the Gila.
San Francisco Ati, west of the Santa Cruz River, Ariz.
San Francisco de Pima, 10 or 12 leagues above the Rio Asuncion
from Pitic, about latitude 31 N., Sonora, Mexico.
San Serafin, northwest of San Xavier del Bac, southern Arizona.
Santan, on the north bank of the Gila, opposite the Pima Agency.
Santos Angeles, in Sonora, Mexico.
Saopuk, at The Cottonwoods, on the Gila River.
Sepori, south of the Gila River, Ariz.
Shakaik, on the north side of the Gila, northwest of Casa Blanca.
Statannyik, on the south bank of the Gila, between Vaaki (Casa
Blanca) and Huchiltchik.
Stukamasoosatick, on the Gila River Reservation.
Sudacon, on the Gila River, Pinal County, Ariz., between Casa
Grande and a point 10 leagues below.
Tatsituk, about Cruz's store in southern Arizona.
Taumaturgo.
Tubuscabors, on or near the Gila River, southern Arizona.
Tucson, probably with Papago and Sobaipuri, on the site of modern
Tucson.
Tucubavia, on the headwaters of Rio Altar, northern Sonora,
Mexico.
Tutuetac, about 16 miles northwest of Tucson and west of the
Santa Cruz River, in southern Arizona.
Uturituc, on the Gila and probably on the site of the present
Sacaton.
Wechurt, at North Blackwater, southern Arizona.
History.- According to native tradition, the Pima originated in
the Salt River Valley and spread later to the Gila River. They
attribute the large adobe ruins in their country, including the
Casa Grande, to their ancestors, and tell stories of their
occupancy of them, but the connection is still in doubt. The
Nevome and Opata of the Altar, Magdalena. and Sonora Rivers are
said to have sprung from Pima colonies. They claim that their old
manner of life was ended by three bands of foreigners from the
east, who destroyed their pueblos, devastated their fields, and
killed or enslaved many of their people. The rest fled to the
mountains, and when they returned they did not rebuild the
substantial adobe structures which they had formerly occupied,
but lived in dome-shaped lodges of pliable poles covered with
thatch and mud. Russell (1908) considers it unlikely that
Coronado encountered the Pima, but in 1694 Father Eusebio
Francisco Kino reached the Casa Grande and undoubtedly met them.
Under his inspiration, an expedition was sent to the Gila in 1697
to ascertain the disposition of the tribe. In 1698 he again
visited them and between that date and 1702 entered their country
four times more. In 1731 Fathers Felipe Segresser and Juan
Bautista Grashoffer took charge of the missions of San Xavier del
Bac and San Miguel de Guevavi and became the first permanent
Spanish residents of Arizona. Padre Ignacio Javier Keller visited
the Pima villages in 1736-37 and in 1743, and Sedelmayr reached
the Gila in 1750. The first military force to be stationed among
the Pima was a garrison of 50 men at Tubac on the Santa Cruz. The
presidio was moved to Tucson about 1776 and in 1780 it was
increased to hold 75 men. Between 1768 and 1776 Father Francisco
Garces made five trips from Xavier del Bac to the Pimas and
beyond. In 1851 parties of the Boundary Survey Commission passed
down the Gila River, and J. R. Bartlett, the American
Commissioner, has left an excellent description of the Pima
Indians (Bartlett, 1854). After the California gold rush began,
the Pima frequently assisted parties of explorers and travelers
who were making the southern route, and they often protected them
from the Apache. In 1853 the Gadsden Purchase transferred the
Pima to the jurisdiction of the United States. Surveys for a
railroad through Pima territory were made in 1854 and 1855, but
it was not constructed until 1879. In the meantime the Pima were
subjected to contact with White outlaws and border ruffians of
the worst description, and White settlers threatened to absorb
their supplies of water. In 1857 the first United States Indian
Agent for the territory acquired by the Gadsden Purchase was
appointed. In 1871 the first school among them was opened.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 4,000 Pima
in 1680. In 1775 Garces placed the number of those on the Gila
River at 2,500. In 1906 there were 3,936 in all; in 1910,
according to the United States Census, 4,236; and in 1923,
according to the Report of the United States Indian Office,
5,592. The 1930 census returned 4,382. The Indian Office reported
5,170 in 1937.
Connections in which they have become noted.- Pima County, Ariz.,
and a post town in Graham County, Ariz., preserve the name of the
Pima, which has also been made familiar to ethnographers and
geographers by the use to which it has been put in the Powell
classification to cover a supposed linguistic stock. There is
little doubt, however, that this supposed stock is merely a part
of a much larger stock, the Uto-Aztecan.
Quakatika. Significance unknown. Also spelled Kohatk.
Connections.- The Quahatika belonged to the Piman division of the
Uto-Aztecan stock, and were most closely related to the Pima, of
which tribe they are said to have been a branch.
Location.- In the desert of southern Arizona, 50 miles south of
the Gila River.
Villages
The chief Quahatika settlement is Quijotoa, in the western part
of Pima County, southern Arizona. Early in the eighteenth century
they are said to have shared the village of Aquitun with the
Pima. (See Pima.)
History.- The history of the Quahatika has, in the main, been
parallel with that of the Pima and Papago (q. v.). They are said
to have left Aquitun about 1800, and to have introduced cattle
among the Pima from the Mexicans about 1820.
Population.- The Quahatika seem to have been enumerated with the
Pima.
Sobaipuri. Significance unknown. Also called:
Resarsavina, Pima name, signifying "spotted."
Connections.- The Sobaipuri were intimately connected with, if
not a part of, the Papago, of the Piman division of the
Uto-Aztecan linguistic stock.
Location.- In the main and tributary valleys of the San Pedro and
Santa Cruz Rivers, between the mouth of the San Pedro River and
the ruins of Casa Grande, and possibly eastward of this area in
southern Arizona.
Villages
Alamos. on Rio Santa Cruz, southern Arizona.
Aribaiba, on the San Pedro River, not far from its junction with
the Gila.
Babisi, probably Sobaipuri, at the southern boundary near Suamca.
Baicadeat, on the San Pedro River, Ariz.
Busac, probably Sobaipuri, apparently on Arivaipa Creek, a
tributary of the San Pedro, east of old Camp Grant, Ariz.
Camani, probably Sobaipuri, on the Gila River, not far from Casa
Grande, Ariz.
Gausac, on the San Pedro.
Comarsuta, on the San Pedro, between its mouth and its junction
with Arivaipa Creek.
Esqugbaag, probably Sobaipuri, on or near the San Pedro, near the
Arizona-Sonora boundary.
Guevnvi, on the west bank of the Santa Cruz, below Tubac, at or
near the present Nogales.
Jiaspi, on the western bank of San Pedro, probably near the
present Prospect, Ariz.
Juamalturgo, or Pima, in Arizona south of the ruins of Casa
Grande.
Muiva, on the San Pedro, probably near the mouth of Arivaipa
Creek.
Ojio, on the eastern bank of the San Pedro River, near its
junction with the Gila River and not far from the present
Dudlevville, Ariz.
Optuabo, probably Sobaipuri, near the present Arizona-Sonora
boundary and probably in Arizona.
Quiburi, on the western bank of the San Pedro, perhaps not far
from the present Benson, Ariz.
Quiquiborica, on the Santa Cruz, 6 leagues south of Guevavi, near
the Arizona-Sonora boundary.
Reyes, probably Sobaipuri, on the Santa Cruz, in the present
southern Arizona.
San Angelo, near the western bank of the Santa Gruz, below its
mouth, in southern Arizona.
San Clemente, probably Sobaipuri, on the western bank of the
Santa Cruz, north of the present Tucson, Ariz.
San Felipe, at the junction of the Santa Cruz and Gila Rivers.
San Salvador, on the San Pedro River, above Quiburi, southern
Arizona.
San Xavier del Bac, on Santa Cruz, 9 miles south of Tucson in the
northeast corner of what is now the Papago Reservation.
Santa Eulalia, probably Sobaipuri, slightly northwest of Busanic,
just south of the Arizona-Sonora boundary line.
Sonoita, on the Santa Cruz, north of the present Nogales and 7
leagues east northeast of Guevavi.
Suamca, on the headwaters of thc Santa Cruz, in the vicinity of
Terrenate, Sonora, Mexico, just below the Arizona-Sonora boundary
line.
Tubo, probably Sobaipuri, apparently on Arivaipa Creek, a
tributary of the San Pedro River, east of old Camp Grant, Ariz.
Tumacacori, probably Sobaipuri, on the Santa Cruz, south of Tubac
and 8 leagues north northwest of Guevavi.
Turisai, probably Sobaipuri, probably on or near the Santa Cruz
River, southern Arizona.
Tusonimon, about 4 leagues west of Casa Grande, near the Gila
River.
Tutoida, on the San Pedro, probably between Arlvaipa Creek and
the Gila.
History.- The Sobaipuri were visited by Kino, 1694-1702, and
missions were established among them, but at a later period the
tribe was broken up by the Apache and seems to have sought refuge
among the Papago, with whom it became merged.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 600
Sobaipuri in 1680. They are now extinct as an independent tribe.
Tonto. This name has been applied to a number of distinct groups
of Apache and Yuman peoples. It is said to have been given to a
mixture of Yavapai, Yuma, and Maricopa, with some Pinaleno
Apache, placed on the Verde River Reservation, Ariz., in 1873,
and transferred to the San Carlos Reservation in 1875; also to a
body of Indians, descended mostly from Yavapai men and Pinaleno
women. (See New Mexico.)
Walapai. From the native word Xawalapaiya, "pine-tree folk" (fide
J. P. Harrington). Also called:
E-pa, by A. Hrdlicka (information, 1906), given as their own
name.
Gualiba, by Garces in 1776 (Diary, p. 404, 1906); Yavapai
name.
Hawalapai, by Curtis (1907-9, vol. 2, p. 116).
Jaguallapai, by Garces in 1776 (Diary, p. 308, 1900).
Mataveke-Paya, by Corbusier MS. p. 27. Meaning "people to
the north" (?); Yavapai name.
Oohp, by Ten Kate (1885, p. 160), Pima name.
Paxuado ameti, by Gatschet (1886, p. 86), meaning "people
far down the river," Yavapai name.
Seta Koxniname, by Ten Kate (1884, p. 9), Hopi name
Tabkepaya- Gatschet (1883, p. 124), Yavapai name;
abbreviated from Mataveke-Paya.
Tiqui-Llapais, by Domeneeh (1860, vol. 1, p. 444).
Connections.- The Walapai belonged to the Yuman branch of the
Hokan linguistic stock and were connected especially closely with
the Havasupai, the Yavapai apparently standing next.
Location.- On the middle course of the Colorado River, above the
Mohave Indians, between Sacramento Wash and National Canyon and
inland, extending south almost to Bill Williams Fork.
Subdivisions and Villages
Kroeber and his collaborators give the following:
A. Mata'va-kopai (north people) (the northwestern division).
Villages: Hadu'-ba, Hai'ya, Hathekava-kio, Huwuskot, Kahwaga,
Kwa'thekithe'i'ta, Mati'bika, Tanyika";
B. Soto'lve-kopai (west people) (the Cerbat Mountains and the
country west to the Colorado). Villages: Chimethi'ap, Ha-kamue",
Haka-tovahadja, Hamte", Ha'theweli'-kio', Ivthi'ya-tanakwe,
Kenyua'tei, Kwateha, Nyi'l'ta, Quwi'-nye-ha, Thawinuya,
Waika'i'la, Wa-nye-ha', Wi'ka-tavata'va, Wi-kauea'ta,
Winya'-ke-tawasa, Wiyakana'mo;
C. Ko'o'u-kopai (mesa people) (north central section).- Villages:
Crozier (American name), Djiwa'ldja, Hak-taia'kava, Haktutu'deva,
He'i, Katha't-nye-ha', Muketega'de, Qwa'ga-we', Sewi",
Taki'otha'wa, Wi-kanyo";
D. Nyau-koyal (east people) (east of the point where Truxton
Canyon begins to cut its way down to Hualpai Valley).- Villages:
Agwa'da, Ha'ke-takwi'va, Haksa", Ha'nya-djiluwa'ya,
Tha've-nalnalwi'dje, Wiwakwa'ga, Yign't;
E. Hakia' tce-pai (?) or Talta'l-kuwa (came?) (about the Mohon
Mountains).- Villages: Hakeskia'l, Hakia'ch, Ka'nyu'tekwa',
Tha'va-ka-lavala'va, Wi-ka-tava, Witevikivol, Witkitana'kwa;
F. Kwe'va-kopai (south people).- Villages: Chivekaha',
Djimwa'nsevio", Ha-djiluwa'ya, Hapu'k, Kwakwa', Kwal-hwa'ta,
Kwatha'wa, Tak-mi'nva;
G. Hua'la-pai, Howa'laa-pai (pine people) (at the northern end of
the Hualpai Mountains, extending in a rough half-circle from east
to west.)- Villages: Hake-djeka'dja, Ilwi'-nya-ha', Kahwa't,
Tak-tada'pa.
History.- It is possible that some of the Walapai were
encountered hy Hernando de Alarcon in 1640, and at any rate
Marcos Farfan de los Godos met them in 1598, and Francisco Garces
in 1776;. Their history since that time has been little different
from that of the other Yuman tribes of the region.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates that there were 700 Walapai
in 1680, but estimates of native informants regarded by Kroeber
and his associates as reliable would give a population of more
than 1,000 previous to 1880. There were 728 in 1889; 631 in 1897;
501 in 1910, according to the census of that year; 440 in 1923;
and 449 in 1932; 454 in 1937. (See Havasupai.)
Yavapai. According to the Handbook of American Indians (Hodge,
1907, 1910), from enyaeva, "sun," and pai, "people," and thus
signifying "people of the sun," but the southeastern Yavapai
interpreted it to mean "crooked-mouth people," that is, a "sulky"
people who do not agree with other peoples (fide Gifford, 1936).
Also called:
Apache Mohaves, in Rep. Office Ind. Aff., 1869, p. 92; 1870.
Apaches, by Garces in 1775-76 (Diary, p. 446, 1900); also by
Spaniards.
Cruzados, by Ohate in 1598 (Col. Doc. Ined., vol. 16, p.
276, 1864-84).
Dil-zha, by White (MS.); Apache name meaning "Indians living
where there are red ants."
E-nyae-va Pai, by Ewing (1892, p. 203), meaning "sun people"
because they were sun worshipers.
Gohun, by Ten Kate, (1884, p. 5), Apache name.
Har-dil-zhays, by White (1875 MS.), Apache name.
Inya'vape, by Harrington (1908, p. 324), Walapai name.
Jum-pys, by Heintzelman, (1857, p. 44)
Kohenins, by Corbusier (1886, p. 276), Apache name.
Ku-we-ve-ka pai-ya, by Corbusier (MS., p. 27); said to be
own name, because they live in the south.
Nyavapai, by Gorbusier (1886, p. 276).
Taros, by Garces in 1775-76 (Diary, p. 446, 1900), Pima
name.
Yampaos, by Whipple (1856, p. 103).
Connections.- The Yavapai belonged to the Yuman branch of the
Hokan linguistic family, their closest cultural affiliations
being with the Havasupai and Walapai.
Location.- In western Arizona from the Pinal and Mazatzal
Mountains to the country of the Halchidhoma and Chemehuevi in the
neighborhood of Colorado River and from Williams and Santa Maria
Rivers, including the valleys of the smaller branches, to the
neighborhood of the Gila River.
Subdivisions
Gifford gives the following:
A. Kewevikopaya or Southeastern Yavapai, which included the
Walkamepa Band (along the southerly highway from Miami to Phoenix
via Superior), and the Wikedjasapa Band (along the present Apache
trail highway from Phoenix to Miami via Roosevelt Dam). These
included the following exogamous bands: Limited to the Walkamepa
Band- Ilihasitumapa (original home in the Pinal Mountains);
limited to the Wikedjasapa Band: Amahiyukpa (claiming as their
homeland the high mountains on the west side of the Verde River,
just north of Lime Creek and directly opposite the territory of
the Yelyuchopa Clan), Atachiopa (who originated in the mountains
west of Cherry), Hakayopa (whose inland homeland was Sunflower
Valley, south of Mazatzal Peak, high in the Mazatzal Mountains,
and west of Fort Reno in the Tonto Basin), Hichapulvapa (whose
country was the Mazatzal Mountains southward from the East
Verde River and westward from North Peak and Mazatzal Peak);
represented in both bands: Iiwilkamepa (who considered the
mountainous country between the Superstition and Pinal Mountains
as their homeland), Matkawatapa (said to have originated from
intermarriage between people of the Walkamepa Band and Apache
from the Sierra Ancha), Onalkeopa (whose original homeland was in
the Mazatzal Mountains between the lands of the Hichapulvapa and
Yelyuchopa clans but who moved later south into the territory of
the Walkamepa Band), Yelyuchopa (who claimed as their homeland
the Mazatzal Mountains between the territories of the Hakayopa
and Hichapulvapa clans). Cuercomache (on one of the heads of
Diamond Creek, near the Grand Canyon of the Colorado) is given as
a village. Amanyika was the principal camp site of the
Wikedjasapa south of the Salt River.
B. Yavepe or Northeastern Yavapai, including.
a. Yavepe proper (claiming upper Verde Valley and the mountains
on either side, including the Montezuma National Monument), whose
bands were: Wipukupa (occupying caves in Redrock country,
probably in the region designated as Red Buttes on maps, and
descending Oak Creek to plant maize in certain moist flats and to
gather mesquite in Verde Valley), Matkitwawipa (people of upper
Verde Valley, East Verde River, Fossil Creek, Clear Creek,
ranging south to Cave Creek, and Walkey-anyanyepa (people of the
mesa to which Jerome clings).
b. Mat-haupapaya (inhabiting the massif from Prescott to Crown
King and Bumble Bee), and including: Wikutepa (the Granite Peak
Band) and Wikenichapa (the Black Mountains or Crown King Band).
C. Tolkepaya or Western Yavapai, including: Hakupakapa or
Inyokapa (inhabitants of mountains north of Congress); Hakehelapa
Wiltaikapaya (people of Harquahals and Harcuvar Mountains on
either side of Wiltaika (Salome); People's Valley, Kirkland
Valley (upper drainage of Hassayampa Creek near Wickenburg and
region around Hillside); Haka-whatapa or Matakwarapa (who
formerly lived at La Paz and Castle Dome).
History.- Gifford (1936) states that "the earliest probable
mention" of the Yavapai "is by Luxan of the Espejo expedition,
who in 1582-1583 apparently visited only the country of the
Northeastern Yavapai." In 1598 Marcos Farfan de los Godos met
them and called them Cruzados because they wore small crosses on
their heads, and in 1604 Juan de Onate also visited them, as did
Father Francisco Garces in 1776, after which time contact with
Europeans was pretty regular. They were removed to the Verde
River Agency in May 1873. In 1875 they were placed on the San
Carlos Apache Agency, but by 1900 most of the tribe had settled
in part of their old home on the Verde River, including the
abandoned Camp McDowell Military Reservation, which was assigned
to their use, November 27, 1901, by the Secretary of the
Interior, until Congress should take final action. By Executive
Orderof September 15, 1903, the old reservation was set aside for
their use, and the claims of the white settlers purchased under
Act of April 21, 1904.
Population.- Mooney (1928) estimates 600 Yavapai in 1680.
Gifford's (1936) estimate would about double that, though he does
not believe they ever exceeded 1500. In 1873 they were said to
number about 1,000 and in 1903 between 500 and 600. In 1906, 520
were reported, 465 at Camp McDowell and Upper Verde Valley and 55
at San Carlos. In 1910. 289 were reported by the Census, but the
same year the Indian Office reported 178 under the Camp McDowell
School Superintendent, 282 under the Camp Verde School, and 89
under the San Carlos School; total, 549. In 1823 the Indian
Office reported 708 under the Camp Verde School and Salt River
Superintendencies. In 1932 the Indian Office reported only 193,
but the "Yuma Apache" would add 24. In 1937 there were 194.
Connection in which they have become noted.- (See Havasupai.) The
name has been perpetuated in that of Yavapai County, Ariz.
Yuma. Said to be an old Pima and Papago term for this tribe and in
some cases the Kamia and Maricopa also (Forde, 1931). Also called:
Cetguanes, by Venegas (1759).
Chirumas, an alternative name given by Orozco y Berra
(1964).
Club Indians, by Emory (1848).
Cuchan, or, strictly, Kwitcyana, own name.
Dil-zhay's, Apache name for this tribe and the Tonto and
Mohave, signifying "red soil with red ants" (White, MS.).
Garroteros, by Emory (1848).
Guichyana, Chemehuevi name.
Hatilshe', same as Dil-zhay's.
Hukwats, Paiute name, signifying "weavers."
Kun, said to be Apache name for this tribe and the
Tulkepaia.
Wamakava, applied by Havasupai to Mohave and perhaps to this
tribe also.
Connections.- The Yuma were one of the chief tribes of the old
Yuman linguistic stock, to which they have given their name, but
their closest immediate relatives were the Maricopa and
Halchidhoma. The Yuman stock is now considered a part of the
larger Hokan family.
Location.- On both sides of the Colorado River next above the
Cocopa, or about 50 or 60 miles from the mouth of the river, at
and below the junction of the Gila River, Fort Yuma being in
about the center of their territory. (See also California.)
Villages
Forde (1931) gives the following:
Ahakwedehor (axakweoexor), about 2 miles northeast of Fort
Yuma.
Avikwotapai, some distance south of Parker on the California
side of the Colorado.
Huksil (xuksi'l), along the Colorado River near Pilot Knob,
a fen miles south of Algodones and across the International
Boundary.
Kwerav (ava'io), about 2 miles south of the present Laguna
Dam and on the California side of the Colorado.
Unnamed town, a little east of the present site of Picacho,
at the foot of the Chocolate Mountains.
History.- Neither Alarcon, who ascended the Colorado River in
1540, nor Onate, who visited it in 1604, mentions the Yuma, but
in the case of Onate this may be accounted for by the fact that
these Indians were then living exclusively on the west side of
the river, which he did not reach. The first explorer to mention
them by name seems to have been Father Kino, 1701-2; and Garces,
1771, and Anza, 1774 and 1775, have a great deal to say about
them. Garces and Eixarch remained among them in 1775. (See Kino
(1726), and Garces (1900).) Most of their territory passed under
the control of the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo in 1848, and the remainder in consequence of the Gadsden
Purchase of 1853. After the founding of Fort Yuma, contacts
between the Whites and this tribe became intimate. Most of them
were ultimately concentrated on the Colorado River and Yuma
Reservations.
Population.- Garces (1776) estimated that there were 3,000 Yuma,
but Anza (see Coues, 1900) raises this to 3,500. An estimate
attributed to M. Leroux dating from "early in the 19th century,"
again gives 3,000. According to the Report of the United States
Indian Office for 1910, there were then 655 individuals belonging
to the tribe, but the census of that year gives 834. The Indian
Office figure for 1923 is 826 and that for 1929, 826, but the
United States Census for 1920 increases it very materially, to
2,306. However, the Report of the Indian Office for 1937 gives
only 848.
Connections in which they have become noted.- Besides giving its
name to the Yuman stock, the name Yuma is preserved by counties
in Arizona and Colorado; localities in Yuma County, Ariz., Yuma
County, Colo.; Cloud County, Kans.; Taylor County, Ky; Wexford
County, Mich.; and Carroll County, Tenn.
Arkansas -
The Indian Tribes of North America by John R. Swanton
Caddo. These Indians are treated under the five following heads.
Adai and the Natchitoches Confederacy in Louisiana, Eyeish and
the Hasinai Confederacy in Arkansas, and Kadohadacho Confederacy
in Texas. Tribes of the Kadohadacho Confederacy are the only ones
known to have lived in Arkansas.
Cahinnio. One of the tribes connected with the Kadohadacho
Confederacy (q.v. under Texas).
Cherokee. Some Cherokee lived in this state while they were on
their way from their old territories to Oklahoma, and a tract of
land in northwestern Arkansas was granted them by treaty in 1817,
which in 1828 they re-ceded to the United States Government. (See
Tennessee.)
Chickasaw. Chickasaw passed through Arkansas on their way to
Oklahoma but owned no land there. (See Mississippi.)
Choctaw. The Choctaw had a village on the lower course of
Arkansas River in 1805 and they owned a large strip of territory
in the western part of the State, granted to them by the treaty
of Doak's Stand, October 18, 1820. They surrendered the latter in
a treaty concluded at Washington, January 20, 1825. (See
Mississippi.)
Illinois. When Europeans first descended the Mississippi an
Illinois division known as Michigamea, "Big Water", was settled
in northeastern Arkansas about a lake known by their name,
probably the present Big Lake in Mississippi County. They had
probably come from the region now embraced in the State of
Illinois only a short time before, perhaps from a village entered
on some maps as "the old village of the Michigamea." Toward the
end of the seventeenth century they were driven north again by
the Quapaw or Chickasaw and united with the cognate Kaskaskia.
(See Illinois.)
Kaskinampo. This tribe appears to have been encountered by De
Soto in what is now the State of Arkansas in 1541. (See
Tennessee.)
Michigamea. (See Illinois above.)
Mosopelea, see Ofo.
Ofo. If these are the Mosopelca, as seems assured, they appear to
have lived for a short time near the end of the seventeenth
century in the neighborhood of the Quapaw on the lower course of
Arkansas River before moving farther south. (See Mississippi.)
Osage. The Osage hunted over much of the northern, and
particularly northwestern, part of Arkansas and claimed all lands
now included in the State as far south as Arkansas River. They
ceded most of their claims to these to the United States Government
in a treaty signed at Fort Clark, Louisiana Territory, in
1808, and the remainder by treaties at St. Louis, September 25,
1818, and June 2, 1825. (See Missouri.)
Quapaw. Meaning "downstream people." They were known by some form
of this word to the Omaha, Ponca, Kansa, Osage, and Creeks. Also
called:
Akansa, or Arkansas, by the Illinois and other Algonquian
Indians, a name probably derived from one of the Quapaw social
subdivisions.
Benux Hommes, a name given them by the French.
Bow Indians, so-called probably because the bow wood from
the Osage orange came from or through their country.
Ima, by the Caddo, probably from one of their towns.
Papikaha, on Marquette's map (1673).
Utsushuat, Wyandot name, meaning "wild apple," and referring
to the fruit of the Carica papaya.
Connections.- The Quapaw were one of the five tribes belonging to
what J.O. Dorsey (1897) called the Cegiha division of the Siouan
linguistic stock.
Location.- At or near the mouth of Arkansas River. (See also
Louisiana, Kansas, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas.)
Villages
Tongigua, on the Mississippi side of Mississippi River above the
mouth of the Arkansas, probably in Bolivar County, Miss.
Tourima, at the junction of White River with the Mississippi,
Desha County, probably the town elsewhere called Imaha.
Ukakhpakhti, on the Mississippi, probably in Phillips County.
Uzutiuhi, on the south side of the lower course of Arkansas River
not far from Arkansas Post.
History.- Before the French became acquainted with this tribe (in
1673) the Quapaw had lived on Ohio River above its junction with
the Wabash, and that portion of the Ohio was known as Arkansas
River by the Illinois from this circumstance. It was formerly
thought that the Pacaha or Capaha met by De Soto in this part of
Arkansas were the tribe in question, but it is not probable that
they had left the Ohio then, and the name Capaha, the form on
which the relationship is supposed to be established, is probably
incorrect. In 1673 Marquette visited them and turned back at
their towns without descending the Mississippi any farther. La
Salle in 1682, Tonti in 1686, and all subsequent voyagers down
and up the Mississippi mention them, and they soon became firm
allies of the French. Shortly after Marquette's visit they were
ravaged by pestilence and the Ukakhpakhti village was moved
farther downstream. A few years later and before 1700 the people
of Tongigua moved across and settled with those of Tourima, and
still later all of the towns moved to the Mississippi to the
Arkansas. Le Page du Pratz (1758) encountered them about 12 miles
above the entrance of White River. Sibley (1832) found them in
1806 on the south side of Arkansas River about 12 miles above
Arkansas Post. By a treaty signed at St. Louis, August 24, 1818,
the Quapaw ceded all their claims south of Arkansas River except
a small territory between Arkansas Post and Little Rock,
extending inland to Saline River. The latter was also given up in
a treaty signed November 15,1824, at Harrington's, Arkansas
Territory, and the tribe agreed to live in the country of the
Caddo Indians. They were assigned by the Caddo a tract on Bayou
Treache on the south side of Red River, but it was frequently
overflowed, their crops were often destroyed, and there was much
sickness, and in consequence they soon returned to their old
country. There they annoyed the white settlers so much that by a
treaty signed May 13, 1833, the United States Government conveyed
to them 150 sections of land in the extreme southeastern part of
Kansas and the northeastern part of Indian Territory, to which
they in turn agreed to move. February 23, 1867, they ceded their
lands in Kansas and the northern part of their lands in Indian
Territory. In 1877 the Ponca were brought to the Quapaw
Reservation for a short time, and when they removed to their own
reservation west of the Osage most of the Quapaw went with them.
Still later the lands of the Quapaw were allotted in severalty
and they are now citizens of Oklahoma.
Population.- Mooney (1929) estimated that in 1650 the Quapaw
numbered 2,500. In 1750 Father Vivier stated that they had about
400 warriors or about 1,400 souls. In 1766, however, the British
Indian Agent, Jolm Stuart, reported that they had but 220 gunmen.
Porter estimated that the total Quapaw population in 1829 was
500. In 1843 it was 476. In 1885 there were 120 on the Osage
Reservation and 54 on the Quapaw Reservation, and in 1890, 198 on
both. The census of 1910 gave 231, but the Indian Office Report
of 1916, 333, and that of 1923, 347. The census of 1930 returned
222.
Connection in which they have become noted.- The native form of
the name of this tribe, Quapaw, is but seldom used
topographically, although there is a village of the name in
Ottawa County, Okla., but Arkansas, the term applied to them by
the Illinois Indians, has become affixed to one of the largest
branches of the Mississippi and to one of the States of the
American Union. It has also been given to a county and mountain
in Arkansas and to cities in that State and in Kansas.
Tunica. From some names given by the chroniclers of De Soto it is
probable that the Tunica or some tribes speaking their language
were living in Arkansas in his time. In fact it is not unlikely
that the Pacaha or Capaha, who have often been identified with
the Quapaw, were one of these. In later historic times they
camped in the northeastern part of Louisiana and probably in
neighboring sections of Arkansas. (See Mississippi.)
Yazoo. Like the Tunica this tribe probably camped at times in
northeastern Louisiana and southeastern Arkansas, but there is no
direct evidence of the fact. (See Mississippi.)
return to States page
